Mandatory folic acid and iodine fortification in Australia and New Zealand: baseline report for monitoring

 Publication

• Mandatory folic acid and iodine fortification in Australia and New Zealand: baseline report for monitoring (1.6MB PDF)

Publication table of contents

• Preliminary material
  • Title and verso pages
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • Abbreviations
  • Symbols
  • Summary
  • Recommendations for additional baseline data
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
  • Observations for future monitoring
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
• Body section
  • 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Purpose of this report
    • 1.2 Background
      • Folic acid
      • Iodine
      • Mandatory folic acid fortification
      • Mandatory iodine fortification
    • 1.3 Structure of this report
  • 2 Monitoring frameworks and measures
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Folic acid fortification monitoring framework
      • Expected outcome of fortification
      • Target population
      • Monitoring elements
    • 2.3 Folic acid fortification monitoring measures
      • Food composition and food industry compliance
      • Nutrient intake
      • Nutrient status
      • Health benefits
      • Adverse health effects
        • Upper level of intake
        • Cancer
        • Literature review
    • 2.4 Iodine fortification monitoring framework
      • Expected outcome of fortification
      • Target population
      • Monitoring elements
    • 2.5 Iodine fortification monitoring measures
      • Food composition and food industry compliance
      • Nutrient intake
      • Nutrient status
      • Health benefits
      • Adverse health effects
        • Upper level of intake
        • Median urinary iodine concentration
    • 2.6 Baseline data quality
  • 3 Australian baseline data for mandatory folic acid fortification
    • 3.1 Food composition
      • FSANZ Food Composition Database
        • General limitations of food composition data
        • Background to FSANZ Food Composition Program
      • Discussion
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 3.2 Food industry compliance
      • Compliance and enforcement model for mandatory folic acid fortification
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 3.3 Folic acid intake
      • FSANZ's dietary intake assessment for folic acid for Proposal P295
        • Results
          • Adequacy
          • Safety
        • Background to FSANZ's dietary intake assessment for Proposal P295
          • Population groups
          • Concentration data
          • Assumptions
            • Consumer behaviour
            • Concentration data
      • 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey
        • CSIRO analysis of results
        • Concentration data
        • Reporting of results
        • Folic acid intakes
        • FSANZ analysis of results
      • Victorian Health Monitor
      • Western Australian Population Health Genomics Folate Study
      • Roy Morgan Single Source data
      • FSANZ consumer fortification survey
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 3.4 Supplement use
      • Victorian Population Health Survey
        • Results
      • NSW Population Health Survey
        • Results
      • South Australian Monitoring and Surveillance System
        • Results
      • Australian Capital Territory General Health Survey
      • Victorian Health Monitor
      • Western Australian Population Health Genomics Folate Study
      • Population Survey Monitor
        • Results
        • Methods
          • Sample design
          • Study population
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 3.5 Serum folate
      • Child Determinants of Adult Health Study
        • Results
        • Methods
          • Sample design
          • Study population
      • Aboriginal Birth Cohort Study
        • Results
        • Methods
          • Sample design
          • Study population
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 3.6 Red blood cell folate
      • Western Australian Folate Study
      • Victorian Health Monitor
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 3.7 Neural tube defects
      • Neural tube defect incidence in Australia 1992–2005
        • Results
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 3.8 Cancer incidence and mortality
      • Bowel cancer
        • Incidence
          • Males
          • Females
        • Mortality
          • Males
          • Females
      • Prostate cancer
        • Incidence
        • Mortality
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 3.9 Bowel cancer screening
      • National Bowel Cancer Screening Program
        • Results
      • Discussion
      • Recommendation for baseline data
    • 3.10 Summary of Australian baseline data sources for mandatory folic acid fortification
  • 4 Australian baseline data for mandatory iodine fortification
    • 4.1 Food composition
      • FSANZ Food Composition Database, AUSNUT 2007
      • Discussion
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 4.2 Food industry compliance
      • Compliance and enforcement model for mandatory fortification
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 4.3 Iodine intake
      • FSANZ's dietary intake assessment for iodine for Proposal P1003
        • Results
          • Adequacy
          • Safety
        • Background to FSANZ's dietary intake assessment for Proposal P1003
          • Population groups
          • Concentration data
          • Assumptions
            • Consumer behaviour
            • Concentration data
            • General
      • 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey
        • CSIRO analysis of results
          • Adequacy
          • Safety
        • FSANZ analysis of results
      • Victorian Health Monitor
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 4.4 Supplement use
      • 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey
        • Results
      • Victorian Health Monitor
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 4.5 Median urinary iodine concentration
      • Australian National Iodine Nutrition Study
        • Results
      • Tasmanian Iodine Monitoring Program
        • Results
        • Methods
          • Sample design
            • Before voluntary fortification
            • After voluntary fortification
          • Study population
            • Before voluntary fortification
            • After voluntary fortification
          • Median urinary iodine concentration
      • Aboriginal Birth Cohort Study
        • Results
        • Methods
      • Victorian Health Monitor
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 4.6 Summary of Australian baseline data sources for mandatory iodine fortification
  • 5 New Zealand baseline data for mandatory folic acid fortification
    • 5.1 Food composition
      • Manufactured Food Database
      • Discussion
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 5.2 Food industry compliance
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 5.3 Folic acid intake
      • FSANZ's dietary intake assessment for folic acid for Proposal P295
        • Results
          • Adequacy
          • Safety
        • Methods
          • Population groups
          • Concentration data
          • Assumptions
            • Consumer behaviour
            • Concentration data
      • 2008–09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey
        • Results
        • Methods
          • Sample design
          • Food consumption data
      • 2002 National Children's Nutrition Survey
        • Results
          • University of Otago analysis of results
        • Methods
          • Sample design
          • Study population
          • Food consumption data
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 5.4 Supplement use
      • 2008–09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey
      • Folate status of representative populations in Dunedin
        • Results
        • Methods
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 5.5 Serum folate
      • 2008–09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey
      • Folate status of representative populations in Dunedin
        • Results
        • Methods
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 5.6 Red blood cell folate
      • 2008–09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey
      • Folate status of representative populations in Dunedin
        • Results
        • Methods
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observations for future monitoring
    • 5.7 Neural tube defects
      • Neural tube defect incidence in New Zealand 1998–2003
      • Discussion
      • Recommendation for baseline data
    • 5.8 Cancer incidence and mortality
      • Bowel cancer
        • Results
          • Incidence
            • Males
            • Females
          • Mortality
            • Males
            • Females
      • Prostate cancer
        • Incidence
        • Mortality
      • Discussion
      • Recommendation for baseline data
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 5.9 Bowel cancer screening
      • National bowel cancer screening program
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 5.10 Summary of New Zealand baseline data sources for mandatory folic acid fortification
  • 6 New Zealand baseline data for mandatory iodine fortification
    • 6.1 Food composition
      • New Zealand Food Composition Database
        • Iodine content of New Zealand foods
        • General limitations of food composition data
      • Discussion
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 6.2 Food industry compliance
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 6.3 Iodine intake
      • FSANZ's dietary intake assessment for iodine for Proposal P230
        • Background
        • Results
          • Adequacy
          • Safety
        • Methods
          • Food consumption data
          • Population groups
          • Concentration data
          • Assumptions
            • Consumer behaviour
            • Concentration data
            • General
      • 2008–09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey
      • 2002 Children's National Nutrition Survey
        • University of Otago analysis of results
          • Adequacy
          • Safety
        • NZFSA/FSANZ analysis of results
      • Discussion
      • Recommendations for baseline data
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 6.4 Supplement use
      • 2008–09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey
      • Discussion
      • Recommendation for baseline data
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 6.5 Median urinary iodine concentration
      • 2002 New Zealand National Children's Nutrition Survey
        • Results
      • 2008–09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey
      • Discussion
      • Recommendation for baseline data
      • Observation for future monitoring
    • 6.6 Summary of New Zealand baseline data sources for mandatory iodine fortification
• End matter
  • 7 Appendix—Key data sources
    • Method
    • Key Australian folic acid and iodine data sources
      • National data
      • State and Territory regional data
        • Australian Capital Territory
        • New South Wales
        • Queensland
        • South Australia
        • Victoria
        • Western Australia
        • Tasmania
    • Key New Zealand folic acid and iodine data sources
      • National data
      • Regional data
    • 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey
    • The Adult Key Foods Program
    • AUSNUT 2007
    • Australian Congenital Anomalies Monitoring System
    • Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study
    • Australian Food Statistics 2008
    • Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health
    • Australian National Iodine Nutrition Study
    • Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
    • Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH)
    • Australian Health Survey (comprising the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey and the National Health Measures Survey)
    • Disease Expenditure Database
    • Australian Total Diet Study
    • NUTTAB 2006—Food Composition Data Source
    • Growing Up in Australia: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
    • National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey
    • Australian Cancer Database
    • National Health Survey
    • National Hospital Morbidity Database
    • National Mortality Database
    • National Nutrition Survey 1995
    • Australian Capital Territory Year 6 Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey
    • New South Wales Blue Mountains Eye Study
    • New South Wales Iodine Status in Pregnant Women and their Newborns
    • New South Wales Birth Defects Register
    • New South Wales Population Health Survey
    • Prevalence of Low Serum Folate and Vitamin B12 in an Older Adult Population
    • Sydney Older Persons Study
    • The 45 and Up Study
    • Brisbane First Time Blood Donors Study
    • Healthy Kids Queensland Survey 2006
    • Queensland Health Survey
    • Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing
    • Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study
    • South Australian Monitoring and Surveillance System
    • South Australian Births Defects Register
    • South Australian Health Monitor
    • Victorian Food Labelling Monitoring
    • Victorian Population Health Survey
    • The Victorian Health Monitor
    • Western Australian Folate Intake and Primary Prevention of Non-neural Birth Defects Study
    • Food Frequency Western Australia 2006
    • Health Measures Western Australia
    • Remote Indigenous Stores and Takeaways Project
    • Trends in Neural Tube Defects in Western Australia
    • WA Health and Wellbeing Surveillance System
    • Western Australian Birth Defects Registry
    • Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey
    • Western Australian Population Health Genomics Folate Study
    • Tasmanian Iodine Monitoring Program
    • New Zealand standards compliance—folic acid
    • New Zealand standards compliance—iodine
    • New Zealand folate overages
    • Iodine in infant and toddler formula
    • Iodine retention in processed foods
    • Iodine content of New Zealand bread
    • Levels of iodine in New Zealand retail salt
    • Manufactured Food Database
    • New Zealand Total Diet Survey
    • 1997 National Nutrition Survey
    • 2002 National Children's Nutrition Survey
    • New Zealand National Minimum Dataset
    • New Zealand Mortality Collection
    • New Zealand Cancer Registry
    • New Zealand Births Defects Monitoring Programme
    • New Zealand Food Composition Database
    • New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey 2008–2009
    • The Thyromobile and Iodine in Pregnancy Survey
    • Folate status of representative populations in Dunedin
    • The Iodine status of lactating women and breastfed babies in Dunedin
  • Glossary
  • References
  • List of tables
  • List of figures