The dental health of Australia's children by remoteness: Child Dental Health Survey Australia 2009
This publication describes the dental health of Australian children examined by school dental service staff in 2009 and provides insights into the dental health of rural children. Dental decay was relatively common, with around half of children examined having a history of decay. Children in Regional and Remote areas were at increased risk of dental decay in their baby teeth compared with those in Major cities.
Youth justice in Australia 2011-12: an overview
The overview presents figures on the number of young people that were under juvenile justice supervision in 2011-12. The overview provides a breakdown on the number of young people who were supervised in the community and those in detention it also provides Indigenous rates.
Demonstration projects for improving sexual health in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth: evaluation report
The Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health funded six demonstration projects aimed at improving the sexual health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people over 3 years. An evaluation of the projects by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and identified that successful sexual health programs consulted a broad range of stakeholders; engaged and developed partnerships with the community, organisations and services; were culturally appropriate and flexible in their design, delivery and implementation; and had staff who were respected by the community.
A snapshot of juvenile arthritis
This snapshot brings together the latest information on juvenile arthritis, a relatively uncommon condition affecting less than 1% of Australian children. Limited national statistics make it difficult to evaluate the full extent of the effects of this condition on the children and those who care for them. However, available data show that Australian Government subsidies for new classes of treatment medications have continually increased since their introduction in 2002-03 and hospitalisation rates for girls with juvenile arthritis have increased in the 10 years to 2009-10. The reasons for this latter increase are not yet clear.
Juvenile detention population in Australia 2012
This report presents information on the juvenile detention population in Australia, focusing on quarterly trends from June 2008 to June 2012. On an average night, there were about 1,000 young people in detention, about half of whom were unsentenced. Numbers and rates of young people in detention remained relatively stable over the 4 years; however, the level of Indigenous over-representation increased, particularly in unsentenced detention.
Diabetes among young Australians
Diabetes among young Australians is the first report from the National Centre for Monitoring Diabetes to examine the management and impact of diabetes in youth in Australia. Diabetes affects a considerable number of young people: in 2010, about 31,300 Australians aged 0-30 years with diabetes were registered with the National Diabetes Service Scheme. Most (79%) had Type 1 diabetes. This report explores how young Australians with diabetes are managing their condition, their use of health services and the diabetes-related health problems they experience.
Indigenous young people in the juvenile justice system
Although only about 5% of young Australians are Indigenous, almost 2 in 5 (39%) of those under juvenile justice supervision on an average day in 2010-11 were Indigenous. There were 2,820 Indigenous young people under supervision on an average day and 5,195 during the year. Indigenous young people first entered supervision at younger ages than non-Indigenous young people, on average, and spent longer under supervision during the year.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander identification in community services data collections: an updated data quality report
This report examines the identification of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients in a number of Australian Institute of Health and Welfare community services data collections, by analysing where Indigenous status is missing/not stated. It makes a number of recommendations, including that data collection manuals and training materials reflect the National best practice guidelines for collecting Indigenous status in health data sets. Where necessary, jurisdictions should consider modifying client forms and client information management systems to ensure consistency with these guidelines.
Girls and young women in the juvenile justice system
In 2010-11, there were 1,190 young women under juvenile justice supervision in Australia on an average day and 2,620 during the year. Most (93%) young women were supervised in the community, with the remainder in detention. Young women spent around 2 weeks less than young men under supervision, on average, during 2010-11 (171 days compared with 186), which was mainly due to less time spent in detention (31 days compared with 68). Young women were much less likely than their male counterparts to be involved in all elements of the juvenile justice system.
Juvenile justice in Australia 2010-11: an overview
This bulletin provides an overview of the report Juvenile justice in Australia: 2010-11, which focuses on young people who were supervised by the government departments responsible for juvenile justice during 2010-11, both in the community and in detention. On an average day in 2010-11, there were an estimated 7,265 young people under juvenile justice supervision in Australia.
Juvenile justice in Australia: 2010-11
On an average day in 2010-11, 2.6 young people aged 10-17 were under juvenile justice supervision for every 1,000 in Australia. Most young people (86%) were supervised in the community, with the remainder in detention. Indigenous young people aged 10-17 were 15 times as likely as non-Indigenous young people to be under supervision on an average day: 14 times as likely to be under community-based supervision and 24 times as likely to be in detention.
Younger people with disability in residential aged care: 2010-11
This bulletin presents data on the Younger People with Disability in Residential Aged Care (YPIRAC) initiative, which aims to reduce the number of people with disability aged under 65 who live in residential aged care. Between 2005-06 and 2010-11, an estimated 1,432 people have been helped, including 250 who have been moved out of residential aged care and into accommodation that better suits their situation, 244 who were successfully diverted away from entering residential aged care, and 456 who were provided with enhanced services while in residential aged care.
Cancer in adolescents and young adults in Australia
'Cancer in adolescents and young adults in Australia' presents the latest available incidence, survival and mortality statistics on cancer in young Australians aged 15 to 29. The incidence of cancer in this age group has become steady since the mid-1990s while cancer mortality has fallen between 1983 and 2007. Survival from cancer in adolescents and young adults has been relatively high and has improved with time, although cancer outcomes vary across population groups.
Young Australians: their health and wellbeing 2011
This report is the fourth in a series of national statistical reports on young people aged 12-24 years, produced by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. It provides the latest available information on how Australia's young people are faring according to a set of national indicators of health and wellbeing. Death rates have fallen considerably among young people, mainly due to declines in injury deaths. Most young people are achieving national minimum standards for reading, writing and numeracy, are fully engaged in study or work, and have strong support networks. There are some favourable trends in risk and protective factors, such as declines in smoking and illicit substance use. But it is not all good news. There is a high rate of mental disorders among young people, and road transport accidents, although continuing to decline, are still a major cause of death among young males. Too many young people are overweight or obese, are not doing sufficient physical activity or eating enough fruit and vegetables, and are drinking alcohol at risky levels. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are far more likely to be disadvantaged across a broad range of indicators.
Juvenile justice in Australia 2008-09
In Australia, around 7,200 young people were under juvenile justice supervision on any given day in 2008-09. Most (90%) were under community-based supervision, with the remainder in detention. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people continue to be over-represented, particularly in detention. This report presents information on the young people under community-based supervision and in detention and the type and length of their supervision. For the first time, detailed information on all community-based orders supervised by juvenile justice agencies is presented, as well as new analyses on the remoteness and socioeconomic status of young people's usual residence.
Juvenile justice in Australia 2008-09: Interim report - main tables
In Australia, around 7,200 young people were under juvenile justice supervision on any given day in 2008–09; almost 90% were under community-based supervision, with the remainder in detention. This interim report contains the main tables from the forthcoming Juvenile justice in Australia 2008–09 (full report).
Young people and children in social housing
This bulletin presents information about the young population assisted by social housing and crisis accommodation. It describes the households in which children and young people reside in social housing and discusses the pattern of assistance through social housing both as dependants and as primary tenants.
Young people and children in social housing (615KB PDF)
bulletin 85 Bulletin 85 • DECEMBER 2010 Young people and children in social housing Executive summary Young people and children make up a considerable proportion of residents within social housing. This bulletin looks at: • how many young people and children are in social housing • differences in demographics of differ
Health and wellbeing of young Australians: technical paper on operational definitions and data issues for key national indicators
This technical paper specifies the operational definitions and primary data sources for the key national indicators of young people's health and wellbeing. It identifies the best currently available data sources for the key national indicators as identified by the AIHW, in conjunction with the National Youth Information Advisory Group. It comments on data gaps and limitations, particularly inconsistencies between indicator (ideal) definitions and existing data definitions.
Health and wellbeing of young Australians: indicator framework and key national indicators
This bulletin previews the reporting framework and key national indicators that will be the basis of the report Young Australians: their health and wellbeing 2011, scheduled for release in 2011. The bulletin presents 71 key national indicators, along with brief justifications explaining the relevance and importance of the indicators to young people's health and wellbeing. The indicators cover a broad range of areas of young people's health and wellbeing, including: morbidity, disability, mortality, health risk and protective factors, community, socioeconomic and environmental factors and measures of system performance.
Dental health of Australia's teenagers and pre-teen children: the Child Dental Health Survey, Australia 2003-04
Teenage children have been identified as being at increased risk of dental disease, and among pre-teen children nearly half of all 6 year olds had a history of decay in their baby teeth. The Child Dental Health Survey provides national information on the dental health of children attending school dental services in Australia, and shows decay experience is relatively common in both teenage and pre-teen Australian children.
Juvenile justice in Australia 2007-08
Each day, around 6,000 young people are under juvenile justice supervision in Australia. This report is the fifth in the series on young people under juvenile justice supervision. It shows that the number of young people in detention on an average day increased by 17% over four years from 2004-05 and that over half of those in detention on average day in 2007-08 were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders. The report contains information on the characteristics of young people under community-based supervision and in detention as well the type and length of their supervision.
Juvenile detention numbers on the rise
The number of young people in juvenile justice detention is
increasing, according to a report released today by the Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
Juvenile arthritis in Australia
Juvenile arthritis is one of the common chronic diseases affecting Australian children. The disease contributes significantly to ill health, affecting growth and skeletal maturity of children. The life course of the disease entails a variety of complications, activity limitations and need for regular support and care. This report brings together the latest data to highlight the impact of juvenile arthritis in Australia. It includes information on the prevalence, associated disability and management of the disease. The information should be useful to the broader community, policy makers and anyone with an interest in the health of children.
Making progress: the health, development and wellbeing of Australia's children and young people
Ensuring that children get the best possible start in life is a key priority for the Australian Government. This report delivers the latest and most reliable information on how, as a nation, we are faring according to key statistical indicators of child and youth health, development and wellbeing. The report covers children and young people aged 0-19 years, and includes indicators for the entire 0-19 year age range as well as indicators for three different stages of development: 1) infancy and early childhood; 2) school age childhood; and 3) adolescence. Information is presented on important issues such as mental health, disability, risk factors for chronic disease, mortality, education, homelessness, crime, jobless families and family economic situation. Particular attention is given to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and youth, and to how Australia compares internationally. This is an essential resource for policy makers, researchers, practitioners and anyone interested in the progress of Australia's children and youth.
Juvenile justice in Australia 2006-07
Juvenile justice in Australia 2006-07 is the fourth report on young people in juvenile justice supervision in Australia. It includes information on the characteristics of young people in community-based supervision and detention in 2006-07 and the type and length of supervision they experience, as well as patterns of supervision over time and analyses of trends. The report provides data from the Juvenile Justice National Minimum Data Set (JJ NMDS), which is based on the experience of the young person within supervision rather than on legal orders and contains data from 2000-01. The JJ NMDS was developed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the Australasian Juvenile Justice Administrators.
Most young people under juvenile justice supervision stay in the community
On an average day in 2006-07 around 6,000 young people in
Australia were under juvenile justice supervision. Around 5,000
were in community-based supervision and about 1,000 were in
detention, according to a new report, released today by the
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
Hospitalised farm injury among children and young people, Australia 2000-01 to 2004-05
Over the five-year period 2000-01 to 2004-05, a total of at least 3,926 children and young people were hospitalised as the result of injuries sustained on farms. This briefing focuses on these cases.
Linking SAAP, child protection and juvenile justice data collections: a feasibility study
Linking the SAAP, child protection and juvenile justice data collections would provide valuable information about the characteristics of people who are involved in one or more of these sectors. This information would support policies and programs aimed at implementing, monitoring and evaluating targeted intervention strategies. In this report, the feasibility of linking these three data collections is investigated. The authors conclude that linkage is technically feasible and that both the SAAP and juvenile justice data collections have data currently suitable for linkage. Linkage with the child protection data collection would be dependent on the successful implementation of the planned national minimum data set.
Injury among young Australians
'Injury among young Australians' provides comprehensive information on injury incidence, hospitalisations and deaths among young people in Australia. It presents the most up-to-date available data, as well as trend data, on major causes of injury for this population group, including transport accidents, intentional self-harm and suicide, assault and accidental poisoning. Information is presented for these and other causes by age and sex, Indigenous status, remoteness of residence and socioeconomic status, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of injury among young Australians. This bulletin will be relevant to anyone interested in gaining an insight into the patterns of morbidity and mortality among young people due to injury.
Transport accidents and suicide top causes of injury death among youth
Transport accidents and suicide are the two leading causes of
injury death among young people, according to a report released
today by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
Overall declines seen in tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use, but some teen behaviours still risky
A new report from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
(AIHW) shows that tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use all fell
between 2004 and 2007, but some results are still concerning,
especially for teenagers and young people.
Juvenile justice in Australia 2005-06
Juvenile justice in Australia 2005-06 provides data from the Juvenile Justice National Minimum Data Set (NMDS) developed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and the Australasian Juvenile Justice Administrators (AJJA). The Juvenile Justice NMDS includes information on all young people in juvenile justice supervision in Australia, both in the community and in detention. It is based on the experience of the young person within supervision, while making it somewhat different to other criminal justice collections that focus on legal orders. This is the third report on the collection and presents data for 2005-06, as well as analyses of trends in community-based supervision and detention over the six years since 2000-01 when the collection began. It includes data on the characteristics of the young people under supervision such as age, sex and Indigenous status, and their patterns of supervision over time.
Community supervision most common, but many first timers experience pre-sentence detention
Most (90%) of juveniles' sentenced supervision is spent in the
community rather than in detention, but a new report released today
by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare shows that almost
half of young people under juvenile justice supervision for the
first time, spent at least a short time in custody before being
sentenced.
Young Australians: their health and wellbeing 2007
'Young Australians: their health and wellbeing 2007' is the third national statistical report on young people in Australia. Using a set of key indicators of health and wellbeing of young people, this report brings together the most up-to-date national data on the health status of young Australians aged 12-24 years and the factors influencing their health. Information on health status includes self-assessed health status, disability, injury, mental health, chronic disease, communicable diseases, hospitalisations and mortality. Factors influencing health addressed in this report include family and community environments, environmental factors, socioeconomic factors including education, employment and income and health behaviours such as weight, physical activity, nutrition and substance use. This report also includes a special section on the health and welfare of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people. Timely, comprehensive and accurate information on these factors will enable the formulation of appropriate and effective policies and interventions to achieve long term health and wellbeing for young people.
Juvenile justice in Australia 2004-05
Juvenile justice in Australia 2004-05 provides data from the Juvenile Justice national minimum data set (NMDS), developed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and the Australasian Juvenile Justice Administrators (AJJA). The Juvenile Justice NMDS includes information on all young people in juvenile justice supervision in Australia, both in the community and in detention. It is based on the experience of the young person within supervision, making it somewhat different to other criminal justice collections that focus on legal orders. This is the second report on the collection and presents data for 2004-05, as well as analyses of trends in community-based supervision and detention over the five years since 2000-01. It includes data on the characteristics of the young people under supervision such as age, sex and Indigenous status, and their patterns of supervision.
Juvenile justice report shows both community-based supervision and detention rates declining
A new report released today by the Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare (AIHW) shows that the number of young people
under juvenile justice supervision is declining.
Young Australians: their health and wellbeing: key national indicators
This bulletin provides a preview of the reporting framework and key indicators that are the basis of the report Young Australians: their health and wellbeing, scheduled for release in 2007. The report is the sixth in a series of reports on the health of Australian children and young people published by the AIHW.
New juvenile justice report provides common resource for states and territories
A first-of-its-kind report released today by the Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) presents a picture of young
people in Australia as they moved through the juvenile justice
system between 2000-01 and 2003-04.
2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings
This report extends the analysis presented in '2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: first results' by providing more detailed information on drug use prevalence, drug-related behaviours and incidents, and support for drug-related policy and legislation. The report features analysis relating to young people--reflecting the inclusion in the 2004 survey of 12-13-year-olds--and new material on mental and physical health, also included for the first time in 2004. This report, along with others in the Drug statistics series, will be a useful resource for policy-makers, planners and researchers interested in drug-related matters.
Occupational Safety Research in Australia
In this issue... Key occupational injury organisations; Role of design in serious work-related injury (NOHSC); Role of machinery design in farm injury among males; Contribution of coroners to designing for safety; Regulatory approach to minimising design-related occupational injury; Retrofitting of safe tractor access platforms; Influence of product design on risk perception and behaviour; Design issues and mining injuries; Engineering solutions to manual handling and fall hazards in plasterers; PhD students involved in occupational injury research; Safe tractor assessment rating system; Occupational injury websites; Product Safety Study; From the Coroner: all terrain vehicles and scuba diving; A picture of Australias children; Keeping kids safe on Western Australias roads; Dishwasher detergent injuries; Next world injury conference; Survey of Aboriginal children and young people; Injury seminars on the Internet; Stay on Your Feet WA; Draft swimming pool standards; Information sharing; Mexican ICE meeting.
Key national indicators of children's health, development and wellbeing
Monitoring the progress of Australia's children is central to the National Agenda for Early Childhood (Department of Family and Community Services, 2004). The AIHW has been monitoring the health, development and wellbeing of Australia's children since 1996 with funding from the Department of Health and Ageing. To date the Institute has produced four comprehensive national reports in this area - Australia's Children (published in 1998 and 2002) and Australia's Young People (published in 1999 and 2003). In keeping in line with a new emphasis on a whole of government cross-sectoral approach to childhood policy, the AIHW has broadened its reporting framework in this area to encompass a wider set on influences on childhood development. This work has been guided by an Advisory Committee comprising key experts and jurisdictional representatives, the Australian Government Taskforce on Child Development, and the Australian Council for Children and Parenting. This bulletin provides an overview of the key indicators to be published in A Picture of Australia's Children 2005, as part of a national program of indicator development, data collection and regular reporting.
Trends in access to dental care of South Australian young adults
This report provides information on the use of dental services of young adults in South Australia. This research was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Dental Research Foundation and AIHW Dental Statistics and Research Unit.
Australia's young people 2003: Their health and wellbeing
This is the second national report on the health and wellbeing of young people in Australia. It provides comprehensive information on the health status of young people including causes of hospitalisations and deaths, chronic diseases, infectious diseases, injury, disability, reproductive and sexual health. The behavioural risk and protective factors influencing young people's health and wellbeing that are covered in this report include substance use, diet and nutrition, physical activity and overweight and obesity.Social conditions are also important determinants of health. The report therefore includes information on the family environment, relationships and social participation, education, employment and income.An overview of the health and welfare of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people is also presented.
Most young Australians happy and healthy, but some concerns remain
Most of Australia's young people consider themselves to be in
good health and are satisfied with their quality of life, according
to a report released today by the Australian Institute of Health
and Welfare (AIHW).
Young homeless people 2001-02: New South Wales supplementary report: a report from the SAAP National Data Collection
This supplementary report to Young Homeless People in Australia 2001-02 provides data specifically for New South Wales. Both reports provide information on young people aged 12-24 years who are homeless or at imminent risk of becoming homeless.
Young homeless people in Australia 2001-02: a report from the SAAP National Data Collection
This report provides information on young people aged 12-24 years who are homeless or are at imminent risk of becoming homeless, and the assistance given to them by SAAP.
Alcohol and water safety
In this issue... Alcohol and water safety; Reflections on the Perth Conference; Injury in the Asia-Pacific Region; Conference photos; New ATSI Health Statistics Unit; New on the RCIS website; Injury in Bangladesh; World Health Day 2004; AIPN Report; Suicide risk factors in Bangalore, India; Suicide among young Samoans; Eye Safety Project, Bangladesh; New staff at RCIS; Childhood injury prevention in Vietnam; Suicide and risk-taking deaths of children and young people; SIPP Communique.
Young people major users of services for homeless
More than 85,000 young people under age 24 accessed the
Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) in 2001-02,
according to a report released today by the Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare (AIHW).
Income status of homeless people in SAAP 1999-2001
This is a special report by the Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) National Data Collection Agency (NDCA) on the income status of clients assisted at SAAP agencies. The report utilises data from the SAAP ongoing Client Collection and the Income Issues Collection 5 May to 30 June 2000. The collection focuses of those SAAP clients with no source of income, the reasons some clients have no income, and also those clients receiving government income support payments before SAAP support. The income status of women escaping domestic violence, young people and migrant SAAP clients is a particular focus of this report. The report also presents background information on the wider Australian government income support system.
Access to dental services of Australian children and adolescents 1999
This research report provides information on the use of dental services by children and adolescents in Australia. Data were collected for the National Dental Telephone Interview Survey in 1994-96 and in 1999. Since the 1970s school dental services have provided dental care for large numbers of Australian children. Since 1994-96 variations to the provision of school dental services have occurred with the introduction of fees in some States.
Alcohol-related injury and young males
This report aims to describe what is known about the occurrence of alcohol-related injury (ARI) in young males; to outline current knowledge about reducing ARI in young males; to highlight important gaps in the data; and to indicate ways forward.
Young people major users of services for homeless
More than 31,000 young people between the ages of 15 and 24 used
the Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) in 2000-01,
according to a report released today by the Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare (AIHW).
Australia's young people 1999: their health and wellbeing
Australia's Young People: Their Health and Wellbeing 1999 is the first national report on the health status of young people aged 12-24 years in Australia. It provides comprehensive information from currently available data sources, and is the second in a series of reports on child and youth health. This report includes information on important diseases and injuries, major risk factors and wider determinants of health. Separate sections are presented on the health status of particular priority groups: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth, young people living in rural and remote locations, young people born overseas and those from socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. This report will be relevant to anyone interested in youth health, including health planners and administrators, community and hospital practitioners, academic researchers, and the general public.
Juvenile justice and youth welfare: a scoping study
Provides information on key elements of juvenile justice and relevant aspects of welfare programs in Australia. The report identifies issues in the relationship between juvenile justice and youth welfare and summarises the services provided in this area by government agencies. It also describes the main juvenile justice data collections. The report will be particularly useful to juvenile justice policy makers, service providers, planners and research workers in this field.
Health differentials among young Australian adults
This report is an important reference that gives information on broad health indicators covering mortality, handicap, disability, perceived health status, illness and accident rates and health service use and on specific health problems such as suicide, motor vehicle traffic accidents, drug dependence, cancers, epilepsy, deafness, smoking and risk drinking.
Injury among 15 to 19 year old males
Details injuries among 15 to 19 year old Australian men. This report is also available on the NISU website.
Trends in access to dental care among Australian teenagers (1MB PDF)
research report 46 AIHW Dental Statistics and Research Unit Research report 46 • November 2010 Trends in access to dental care among Australian teenagers This report investigates trends in access to dental care among Australian teenagers aged 12–17 years during the period 1994–2008. Comparisons in the use of dental ser
Trends in access to dental care among Australian teenagers (323KB RTF)
Research Report No. 46 November 2010 AIHW Dental Statistics Unit Trends in access to dental care among Australian teenagers This report investigates trends in access to dental care among Australian teenagers aged 12–17 years during the period 1994–2008. Comparisons in the use of dental services by eligibility for pub
Incidence of Type 1 diabetes among people aged 15 years and over
Young people in detention
XLS State and territory summary supplementary tables - s118 to s129
XLS - State and territory summary supplementary tables - s118 to s129 (Youth justice in Australia 2011-12: an overview)
XLS Detention supplementary tables - s69 to s117
XLS Detention supplementary tables - s69 to s117 (Youth justice in Australia 2011-12: an overview)
XLS Community-based supervision supplementary tables - s36 to s68
XLS Community-based supervision supplementary tables - s36 to s68 (Youth justice in Australia 2011-12: an overview)
XLS Characteristics of young people under supervision and orders supplementary tables - s1 to s35
XLS Characteristics of young people under supervision and orders supplementary tables - s1 to s35 (Youth justice in Australia 2011-12: an overview)