Appendix D: Chapter 2 detailed tables and confidence intervals
List of tables
Table D1: Psychological distress by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 
2004–05
Table D2: Psychological distress by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 
2004–05
Table D3: Psychological distress by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over,  2004–05
Table D4: Psychological distress by sex and Indigenous status, persons aged 18 years and over,  age-standardised, 2004–05
Table D5: Psychological distress by age and Indigenous status, persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D6: Psychological distress by remoteness area(a) and Indigenous status, persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D7: Impact of psychological distress by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D8: Impact of psychological distress by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D9: Impact of psychological distress by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D10: Positive wellbeing by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D11: Positive wellbeing by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D12: Positive wellbeing by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D13: Anger by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D14: Anger by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D15: Anger by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D16: Type of stressor by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D17: Type of stressor by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D18: Type of stressor by remoteness, Indigenous people aged 18 years and over, 
2004–05
Table D19: Number of stressors by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D20: Number of stressors by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D21: Number of stressors by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D22: Discrimination by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D23: Discrimination by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D24: Discrimination by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 
2004–05
Table D25: Cultural identity by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, non-remote areas only, 2004–05
Table D26: Cultural identity by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, non-remote areas only, 2004–05
Table D27: Cultural identity by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, non-remote areas only, 2004–05
Table D28: Whether respondent taken away from natural family by sex, Indigenous persons  aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D29: Whether relative/s taken away from natural family by sex, Indigenous persons  aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D30: Whether respondent taken away from natural family by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D31: Whether relative/s taken away from natural family by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D32: Whether respondent taken away from natural family by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
Table D33: Whether relative/s taken away from natural family by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05

Psychological Distress
Table D1: Psychological distress by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Male	Female	Persons	
Psychological distress	
Low/moderate	%	77.1	66.2	71.3	
	95% CI	(74.3–79.9)	(63.5–68.8)	(69.4–73.2)	
High/very high	%	21.4	32.2	27.2	
	95% CI	(18.7–24.2)	(29.9–34.5)	(25.1–29.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		120,500	137,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D2: Psychological distress by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years 	55 years and over 	Total	
Psychological distress	
Low/moderate 	%	72.8	71.4	69.6	69.3	73.8	71.3	
	95% CI	(68.7–76.9)	(67.9–74.9)	(65.7–73.5)	(64.3–74.3)	(67.5–80.1)	(69.4–73.2)	
High/very high 	%	26.0	27.1	29.2	29.4	23.0	27.2	
	95% CI	(22.3–29.6)	(23.6–30.7)	(25.5–32.9)	(24.4–34.5)	(18.4–27.5)	(25.1–29.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	56,700	69,800	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D3: Psychological distress by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 
2004–05
		Major cities 	Inner Regional 	Outer Regional 	Remote or Very Remote 	Australia	
Psychological distress	
Low/moderate 	%	74.2	70.8	68.7	70.4	71.3	
	95% CI	(70.9–77.4)	(65.6–76.0)	(64.5–72.9)	(67.2–73.6)	(69.4–73.2)	
High/very high 	%	25.2	29.1	29.6	26.0	27.2	
	95% CI	(21.1–29.4)	(24.8–33.5)	(25.9–33.3)	(22.6–29.4)	(25.1–29.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D4: Psychological distress by sex and Indigenous status, persons aged 18 years and over, 
age-standardised, 2004–05
	Indigenous	Non-Indigenous	 	
	Number	Rate per 100(a)	95% CI	Number	Rate per 100(a)	95% CI	Rate Ratio(b)	
Male	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Low/moderate 	92,900	76.0	(72.6–79.3)	6,462,000	89.1	(88.3–89.8)	0.9	
High/very high 	25,800	22.3	(19.2–25.5)	785,300	10.8	(9.9–11.7)	2.1	
Total(c)	120,500	. .	. .	7,257,700	. .	. .	. .	
Female								
Low/moderate 	91,200	67.6	(63.7–71.5)	6,349,300	84.6	(83.8–85.5)	0.8	
High/very high 	44,300	30.4	(28.5–32.4)	1,139,200	15.3	(14.5–16.1)	2.0	
Total(c)	137,800	. .	. .	7,495,600	. .	. .	. .	
Persons								
Low/moderate 	184,100	71.5	(69.1–73.9)	12,811,300	86.8	(86.3–87.4)	0.8	
High/very high 	70,200	26.6	(24.5–28.7)	1,924,500	13.1	(12.5–13.6)	2.0	
Total no. of people(c)	258,300	. .	. .	14,753,300	. .	. .	. .	
. .	Not applicable.
(a)	Rates were directly age standardised using the Australian 2001 Standard population as detailed in Appendix C.
(b)	Ratio Indigenous: non-Indigenous.
(c)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS and 2004–05 NHS.

Table D5: Psychological distress by age and Indigenous status, persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	Indigenous	Non-Indigenous	 	
	Number	Rate per 100 (a)	95% CI	Number	Rate per 100 (a)	95% CI	Rate Ratio(b)	
18–24 years		 	 		 	 	 	
Low/moderate 	41,300	72.8	(68.7–76.9)	1,556,700	83.8	(81.5–86.1)	0.9	
High/very high 	14,700	26.0	(22.3–29.6)	299,600	16.1	(13.9–18.3)	1.6	
Total(c)	56,700	. .	. .	1,857,100	. .	. .	. .	
25–34 years								
Low/moderate	49,800	71.4	(67.9–74.9)	2,421,800	87.7	(86.3–89.1)	0.8	
High/very high 	18,900	27.1	(23.6–30.7)	338,200	12.2	(10.8–13.7)	2.2	
Total(c)	69,800	. .	. .	2,761,400	. .	. .	. .	
35–44 years								
Low/moderate	41,100	69.6	(65.7–73.5)	2,506,200	86.4	(85.1–87.8)	0.8	
High/very high 	17,200	29.2	(25.5–32.9)	389,500	13.4	(12.1–14.8)	2.2	
Total(c)	59,100	. .	. .	2,899,600	. .	. .	. .	
45–54 years								
Low/moderate	27,400	69.3	(64.3–74.3)	2,331,000	86.2	(84.9–87.4)	0.8	
High/very high 	11,700	29.4	(24.4–34.5)	369,100	13.6	(12.3–15.0)	2.2	
Total(c)	39,600	. .	. .	2,705,600	. .	. .	. .	
55 years and over								
Low/moderate	24,500	73.8	(67.5–80.1)	3,995,600	88.2	(87.4–89.0)	0.8	
High/very high 	7,600	23.0	(18.4–27.5)	528,200	11.7	(10.8–12.5)	2.0	
Total(c)	33,200	. .	. .	4,529,700	. .	. .	. .	
Persons								
Low/moderate	184,100	71.5	(69.1–73.9)	12,811,300	86.8	(86.3–87.4)	0.8	
High/very high 	70,200	26.6	(24.5–28.7)	1,924,500	13.1	(12.5–13.6)	2.0	
Total no. of people(c)	258,300	. .	. . 	14,753,300	. .	. . 	. . 	
. .	Not applicable.
(a)	The rates for total persons were directly age standardised using the Australian 2001 Standard population, while the rates for each age group are crude rates, as detailed in Appendix C.
(b)	Ratio Indigenous: non-Indigenous.
(c)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS and 2004–05 NHS.

Table D6: Psychological distress by remoteness area(a) and Indigenous status, persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	Indigenous	Non-Indigenous	 	
	Number	Rate per 100(b)	95% CI	Number	Rate per 100(b)	95% CI	Rate Ratio(c)	
Major Cities		 						
Low/moderate 	58,400	73.9	(69.8–78.1)	8,812,500	87.0	(86.6–87.5)	0.8	
High/very high 	19,900	25.4	(21.4–29.4)	1,301,400	12.9	(12.1–13.6)	2.0	
Total (d)	78,700	. .	. .	10,124,700	. .	. .	. .	
Inner Regional								
Low/moderate 	36,400	72.1	(65.4–78.8)	2,486,800	85.9	(85.2–86.7)	0.8	
High/very high 	15,000	27.9	(24.0–31.8)	403,600	13.9	(12.4–15.5)	2.0	
Total(d)	51,400	. .	. .	2,893,500	. .	. .	. .	
Outer Regional								
Low/moderate 	38,100	69.6	(64.5–74.7)	1,352,200	86.9	(85.0–88.9)	0.8	
High/very high 	16,400	29.0	(24.9–33.1)	199,000	12.8	(10.8–14.9)	2.3	
Total(d)	55,400	. .	. .	1,554,700	. .	. .	. .	
Australia(e)								
Low/moderate 	184,100	71.5	(69.1–73.9)	12,811,300	86.8	(86.3–87.4)	0.8	
High/very high 	70,200	26.6	(24.5–28.7)	1,924,500	13.1	(12.5–13.6)	2.0	
Total no. of people(d)	258,300	. .	. . 	14,753,300	. .	 . .	 . .	
. . 	Not applicable.
(a)	Since the remote sample of the NHS did not have the same scope and coverage as that of the NATSIHS, only comparisons of psychological distress can be made between those living in non-remote areas of Australia.
(b)	Directly age standardised using the Australian 2001 Standard population as detailed in Appendix C.
(c)	Ratio Indigenous: non-Indigenous.
(d)	Includes missing responses.
(e)	Includes those living in remote and very remote areas of Australia.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS and 2004–05 NHS.

Impact of psychological distress
Table D7: Impact of psychological distress by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Male	Female	Persons	
How often feelings occurred 	
More often than usual 	%	12.9	17.8	15.5	
	95% CI	(10.3–15.4)	(15.7–19.8)	(13.9–17.1)	
About the same as usual 	%	76.2	68.1	71.9	
	95% CI	(72.8–79.6)	(65.1–71.2)	(69.5–74.3)	
Less often than usual 	%	9.1	12.0	10.6	
	95% CI	(6.9–11.2)	(10.1–13.9)	(9.0–12.2)	
Total(a) 	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		120,500	137,800	258,300	
Whether had days unable to work/carry out normal activities because of feelings(b)	
No (0 days)	%	82.0	75.6	78.4	
	95% CI	(79.0–85.1)	(72.9–78.3)	(76.5–80.3)	
Yes (1day or more)	%	17.5	24.2	21.2	
	95% CI	(14.5–20.5)	(21.7–26.6)	(19.2–23.3)	
	1–2 days	%	5.1	7.4	6.4	
	95% CI	(3.8–6.5)	(6.0–8.9)	(5.4–7.5)	
	3–14 days	%	9.5	13.0	11.5	
	95% CI	(6.7–12.3)	(11.2–14.7)	(9.9–13.0)	
	15 days or more	%	2.5	3.2	2.9	
	95% CI	(1.5–3.4)	(2.3–4.1)	(2.2–3.6)	
	Average days 	no.	6.8	6.4	6.5	
	95% CI	(6.1–7.5)	(5.9–6.8)	(6.1–7.0)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		90,900	116,500	207,400	
Whether saw doctor or other health professional about feelings(b)	
No (0 times)	%	90.9	85.3	87.7	
	95% CI	(88.5–93.2)	(83.0–87.6)	(86.3–89.1)	
Yes (1 visit or more)	%	8.5	14.4	11.8	
	95% CI	(5.9–11.1)	(12.3–16.6)	(10.0–13.5)	
	1 visit	%	2.8	7.3	5.3	
	95% CI	(1.9–3.7)	(5.9–8.6)	(4.5–6.2)	
	2 visits	%	2.5	3.5	3.1	
	95% CI	(1.6–3.3)	(2.5–4.6)	(2.4–3.7)	
	3 visits or more	%	*3.2	3.4	3.3	
	95% CI	(0.9–5.5)	(2.0–4.7)	(2.0–4.6)	
	Average visits	no.	2.2	1.9	2.0	
	95% CI	(1.7–2.8)	(1.6–2.1)	(1.7–2.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		90,900	116,500	207,400	
(continued)
Table D7 (continued): Impact of psychological distress by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Male	Female	Persons	
How often physical health problems were the main cause of feelings(b)	
All/most of the time	%	14.4	15.6	15.1	
	95% CI	(11.3–17.5)	(13.6–17.6)	(13.1–17.0)	
Some of the time 	%	9.0	13.0	11.2	
	95% CI	(7.2–10.8)	(10.7–15.2)	(9.7–12.7)	
A little/none of the time	%	75.1	69.1	71.7	
	95% CI	(72.1–78.0)	(66.1–72.0)	(69.7–73.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	90,900	116,500	207,400	
*	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution. 
(a)	Includes missing responses.
(b)	Only asked of those respondents who answered at least one K–5 item with an 'all', 'most', 'some', or 'a little' of the time response.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D8: Impact of psychological distress by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	18–24 years	25–34 years	35–44 years	45–54 years	55 years and over 	Total	
How often feelings occurred 	
More often than usual 	%	15.3	17.2	17.3	11.8	13.2	15.5	
	95% CI	(12.2–18.4)	(13.8–20.7)	(14.1–20.5)	(8.7–14.9)	(9.5–17.0)	(13.9–17.1)	
About the same as usual 	%	71.2	70.0	69.3	76.3	76.3	71.9	
	95% CI	(67.0–75.5)	(65.8–74.3)	(65.4–73.2)	(71.9–80.7)	(72.3–80.3)	(69.5–74.3)	
Less often than usual 	%	11.8	11.2	11.6	9.7	*6.6	10.6	
	95% CI	(9.2–14.5)	(8.4–14.0)	(9.0–14.3)	(6.4–13.1)	(3.3–9.9)	(9.0–12.2)	
Total(a) 	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		56,700	69,800	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
Whether had days unable to work/carry out normal activities because of feelings(b)	
No (0 days)	%	84.2	77.5	77.1	77.4	72.8	78.4	
	95% CI	(80.9–87.6)	(73.2–81.8)	(73.6–80.6)	(72.9–82.0)	(65.5–80.1)	(76.5–80.3)	
Yes (1 day or more)	%	15.7	22.1	22.2	22.4	26.8	21.2	
	95% CI	(12.6–18.7)	(17.9–26.2)	(18.4–26.0)	(18.0–26.9)	(20.9–32.8)	(19.2–23.3)	
	1–2 days	%	5.5	6.3	7.5	5.0	8.2	6.4	
	95% CI	(3.6–7.4)	(4.8–7.8)	(5.4–9.7)	(3.3–6.7)	(4.3–12.1)	(5.4–7.5)	
	3–14 days	%	9.3	13.1	10.4	12.3	12.9	11.5	
	95% CI	(7.0–11.6)	(9.1–17.1)	(7.3–13.5)	(9.0–15.6)	(8.4–17.3)	(9.9–13.0)	
	15 days or more	%	**0.6	*2.3	4.0	*4.9	*4.2	2.9	
	95% CI	(–0.1–1.2)	(1.1–3.4)	(2.6–5.4)	(2.4–7.4)	(2.1–6.3)	(2.2–3.6)	
	Average days	no.	5.8	6.2	6.6	8.1	6.3	6.5	
	95% CI	(4.8–6.7)	(5.5–6.9)	(5.6–7.6)	(6.5–9.7)	#	(6.1–7.0)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		47,700	56,600	48,200	31,100	23,700	207,400	
Whether saw doctor or other health professional about feelings(b)	
No (0 times)	%	92.4	87.4	85.8	85.4	86.2	87.7	
	95% CI	(90.2–94.6)	(83.5–91.3)	(82.7–88.8)	(82.1–88.6)	(82.4–89.9)	(86.3–89.1)	
Yes (1 visit or more)	%	7.6	12.2	13.2	14.5	13.4	11.8	
	95% CI	(4.9–10.3)	(8.2–16.1)	(10.3–16.1)	(11.2–17.8)	(9.7–17.1)	(10.1–13.5)	
	1 visit	%	3.2	5.2	6.3	7.0	5.8	5.3	
	95% CI	(1.8–4.6)	(3.6–6.9)	(4.3–8.2)	(5.0–9.0)	(2.9–8.6)	(4.5–6.2)	
	2 visits	%	*2.0	*2.2	2.9	5.9	*3.8	3.1	
	95% CI	(0.9–3.1)	(1.1–3.3)	(1.7–4.2)	(3.2–8.5)	(1.5–6.2)	(2.4–3.7)	
	3 visits or more	%	**2.3	*4.2	*4.0	*1.6	*3.8	3.3	
	95% CI	(0.0–4.6)	(0.7–7.7)	(1.9–6.1)	(0.5–2.8)	(1.8–5.8)	(2.0–4.6)	
	Average visits	no.	2.0	2.1	2.1	1.7	2.0	2.0	
	95% CI	(1.3–2.6)	(1.4–2.7)	(1.6–2.5)	(1.5–2.0)	(1.8–2.3)	(1.7–2.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		47,700	56,600	48,200	31,100	23,700	207,400	
(continued)
Table D8 (continued): Impact of psychological distress by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		18–24 years	25–34 years	35–44 years	45–54 years	55 years and over	Total	
How often physical health problems were the main cause of feelings(b)	
All/most of the time	%	7.4	12.3	14.2	23.5	27.9	15.1	
	95% CI	(5.0–9.8)	(8.5–16.1)	(11.1–17.2)	(18.0–28.9)	(23.2–32.6)	(13.1–17.0)	
Some of the time 	%	8.6	9.7	13.3	12.9	13.8	11.2	
	95% CI	(5.3–12.0)	(7.3–12.0)	(10.6–15.9)	(9.4–16.4)	(9.3–18.4)	(9.7–12.7)	
A little/none of the time	%	82.0	76.1	70.3	62.5	55.4	71.7	
	95% CI	(78.4–85.6)	(71.7–80.4)	(66.6–74.1)	(57.5–67.5)	(48.1–62.6)	(69.7–73.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	47,700	56,600	48,200	31,100	23,700	207,400	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
** 	Estimate has a relative standard error greater than 50% and is considered too unreliable for general use.
# 	Upper and lower confidence limits could not be calculated (refer to Appendix C).
(a)	Includes missing responses.
(b)	Only asked of those respondents who answered at least one K5 item with an 'all', 'most', 'some', or ‘a little' of the time response.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D9: Impact of psychological distress by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities	Inner Regional 	Outer Regional 	Remote or Very Remote	Australia	
How often feelings occurred 	
More often than usual 	%	19.2	15.8	16.1	10.7	15.5	
	95% CI	(15.3–23.1)	(12.2–19.5)	(13.2–19.0)	(8.5–12.9)	(13.9–17.1)	
About the same as usual 	%	68.9	73.7	68.9	76.2	71.9	
	95% CI	(64.9–72.9)	(67.9–79.5)	(63.6–74.2)	(73.1–79.3)	(69.5–74.3)	
Less often than usual 	%	10.6	10.1	13.1	9.1	10.6	
	95% CI	(7.5–13.6)	(6.9–13.4)	(8.9–17.3)	(7.1–11.1)	(9.0–12.2)	
Total(a) 	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
Whether had days unable to work/carry out normal activities because of feelings(b)	
No (0 days)	%	79.6	81.8	79.5	73.2	78.4	
	95% CI	(76.3–82.9)	(77.8–85.8)	(75.3–83.7)	(70.0–76.4)	(76.5–80.3)	
Yes (1 day or more)	%	20.0	17.8	20.4	26.3	21.2	
	95% CI	(15.5–24.4)	(14.0–21.6)	(17.3–23.5)	(22.6–30.1)	(19.2–23.3)	
	1–2 days	%	5.5	5.3	5.3	9.5	6.4	
	95% CI	(3.5–7.4)	(3.3–7.3)	(3.7–7.0)	(7.3–11.7)	(5.4–7.5)	
	3–14 days	%	11.2	8.9	11.5	13.9	11.5	
	95% CI	(7.3–15.0)	(6.4–11.4)	(9.2–13.9)	(11.2–16.6)	(9.9–13.0)	
	15 days or more	%	3.2	*3.6	*3.0	1.9	2.9	
	95% CI	(2.0–4.4)	(1.8–5.5)	(1.5–4.5)	(1.0–2.8)	(2.2–3.6)	
	Average days	no.	6.6	7.6	7.0	5.5	6.5	
	95% CI	(6.3–6.9)	(6.3–9.0)	(6.1–8.0)	(5.0–6.1)	(6.1–7.0)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. Indigen. people(a)		65,900	43,000	46,100	52,300	207,400	
Whether saw a doctor or other health professional about feelings(b)	
No (0 times)	%	88.1	86.4	89.8	86.6	87.7	
	95% CI	(84.6–91.6)	(82.6–90.3)	(86.8–92.8)	(84.5–88.6)	(86.3–89.1)	
Yes (1 visit or more)	%	11.3	13.2	10.2	12.9	11.8	
	95% CI	(7.6–15.0)	(9.4–16.9)	(7.7–12.6)	(11.0–14.9)	(10.1–13.5)	
	1 visit	%	4.4	4.5	5.2	7.3	5.3	
	95% CI	(2.9–5.9)	(2.8–6.3)	(3.4–7.0)	(5.7–8.9)	(4.5–6.2)	
	2 visits	%	3.0	3.5	*2.6	3.2	3.1	
	95% CI	(1.6–4.4)	(1.8–5.2)	(1.3–3.9)	(2.1–4.2)	(11.2–2.4)	
	3 visits or more	%	*3.9	*5.1	*2.3	1.9	3.3	
	95% CI	(0.8–7.0)	(1.7–8.5)	(0.8–3.8)	(1.0–2.7)	(2.0–4.6)	
	Average visits	no.	2.1	2.3	1.9	1.7	2.0	
	95% CI	(1.6–2.7)	(1.6–2.7)	(1.5–2.2)	(1.4–1.9)	(1.7–2.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. Indigen. people(a)		65,900	43,000	46,100	52,300	207,400	
(continued)
Table D9 (continued): Impact of psychological distress by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 
18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities	Inner Regional 	Outer Regional 	Remote or Very Remote	Australia	
How often physical health problems were the main cause of feelings(b)	
All/most of the time	%	17.6	15.4	15.5	11.2	15.1	
	95% CI	(13.4–21.8)	(11.9–18.9)	(11.6–19.4)	(8.8–13.5)	(13.1–17.0)	
Some of the time 	%	11.6	11.4	8.2	13.3	11.2	
	95% CI	(8.7–14.5)	(7.9–14.9)	(5.9–10.6)	(10.4–16.1)	(9.7–12.7)	
A little/none of the time	%	69.8	72.8	75.4	70.0	71.7	
	95% CI	(65.7–73.8)	(68.1–77.4)	(71.3–79.5)	(65.9–74.1)	(69.7–73.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. Indigen. people(a)	 	65,900	43,000	46,100	52,300	207,400	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
(a) 	Includes missing responses.
(b) 	Only asked of those respondents who answered at least one K5 item with an 'all', 'most', 'some', or 'a little' of the time response.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Positive Wellbeing
Table D10: Positive wellbeing by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Male	Female	Persons	
How often felt calm and peaceful	
All/most of the time	%	60.5	52.9	56.4	
	95% CI	(57.1–63.8)	(50.0–55.7)	(54.2–58.6)	
Some of the time	%	23.9	27.0	25.6	
	95% CI	(21.2–26.7)	(24.7–29.3)	(23.8–27.4)	
A little/none of the time	%	13.8	18.8	16.5	
	95% CI	(11.6–16.1)	(16.9–20.7)	(14.9–18.0)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often been a happy person	
All/most of the time	%	72.6	70.3	71.4	
	95% CI	(69.6–75.7)	(67.7–73.0)	(69.5–73.3)	
Some of the time	%	18.1	19.5	18.8	
	95% CI	(15.5–20.8)	(17.4–21.6)	(17.1–20.6)	
A little/none of the time	%	7.7	9.0	8.4	
	95% CI	(6.2–9.1)	(7.7–10.4)	(7.4–9.4)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often felt full of life	
All/most of the time	%	58.3	51.3	54.6	
	95% CI	(55.2–61.3)	(49.1–53.6)	(52.8–56.4)	
Some of the time	%	25.7	27.4	26.6	
	95% CI	(22.8–28.5)	(25.1–29.6)	(24.8–28.4)	
A little/none of the time	%	14.5	19.8	17.3	
	95% CI	(12.5–16.4)	(17.8–21.8)	(15.8–18.8)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had a lot of energy	
All/most of the time	%	53.7	41.4	47.2	
	95% CI	(50.6–56.9)	(38.8–44.0)	(45.2–49.2)	
Some of the time	%	26.7	33.5	30.3	
	95% CI	(24.2–29.2)	(30.7–36.2)	(28.4–32.2)	
A little/none of the time	%	18.1	23.7	21.1	
	95% CI	(15.7–20.5)	(21.4–25.9)	(19.4–22.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. Indigenous people(a)	120,500	137,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D11: Positive wellbeing by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years 	55 years and over 	Total	
How often felt calm and peaceful	
All/most of the time	%	57.6	52.5	57.6	56.1	60.8	56.4	
	95% CI	(53.6–61.7)	(48.3–56.7)	(53.5–61.8)	(50.7–61.6)	(56.0–65.5)	(54.2–58.6)	
Some of the time	%	26.7	30.5	22.5	22.8	22.1	25.6	
	95% CI	(22.8–30.6)	(26.0–34.9)	(19.0–26.0)	(18.3–27.3)	(17.4–26.8)	(23.8–27.4)	
A little/none of the time	%	14.2	15.9	18.4	19.9	14.1	16.5	
	95% CI	(11.3–17.1)	(13.3–18.5)	(15.1–21.7)	(15.9–23.8)	(10.2–18.0)	(14.9–18.0)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often been a happy person	
All/most of the time	%	71.3	72.1	70.9	70.2	72.4	71.4	
	95% CI	(67.0–75.7)	(68.0–76.2)	(67.5–74.4)	(65.3–75.2)	(66.4–78.3)	(69.5–73.3)	
Some of the time	%	20.6	19.5	18.5	19.1	14.7	18.8	
	95% CI	(16.8–24.4)	(15.8–23.2)	(15.6–21.4)	(14.6–23.6)	(10.5–18.8)	(17.1–20.6)	
A little/none of the time	%	7.0	7.3	9.1	9.8	10.2	8.4	
	95% CI	(5.1–9.0)	(5.4–9.2)	(7.0–11.2)	(7.1–12.5)	(6.8–13.5)	(7.4–9.4)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often felt full of life	
All/most of the time	%	55.3	57.7	55.9	52.4	47.0	54.6	
	95% CI	(51.0–59.6)	(53.7–61.7)	(52.0–59.7)	(47.6–57.2)	(42.3–51.8)	(52.8–56.4)	
Some of the time	%	29.0	26.0	24.9	26.8	26.5	26.6	
	95% CI	(24.4–33.7)	(22.5–29.4)	(21.7–28.0)	(22.2–31.4)	(20.4–32.6)	(24.8–28.4)	
A little/none of the time	%	14.5	15.3	17.6	19.6	23.4	17.3	
	95% CI	(11.6–17.4)	(12.7–17.8)	(14.5–20.7)	(15.6–23.5)	(19.3–27.4)	(15.8–18.8)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had a lot of energy	
All/most of the time	%	49.9	52.8	45.5	43.5	38.0	47.2	
	95% CI	(45.6–54.2)	(49.2–56.5)	(41.8–49.2)	(38.7–48.2)	(33.9–42.1)	(45.2–49.2)	
Some of the time	%	31.7	27.4	31.6	29.9	32.1	30.3	
	95% CI	(27.6–35.8)	(24.3–30.6)	(27.9–35.4)	(25.6–34.2)	(25.0–39.3)	(28.4–32.2)	
A little/none of the time	%	17.3	18.6	21.3	25.7	26.7	21.1	
	95% CI	(13.9–20.6)	(15.6–21.6)	(18.1–24.5)	(21.3–30.1)	(22.2–31.3)	(19.4–22.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	56,700	69,800	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D12: Positive wellbeing by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities 	Inner Regional 	Outer Regional 	Remote/Very Remote 	Australia	
How often felt calm and peaceful	
All/most of the time	%	52.3	57.3	56.4	60.3	56.4	
	95% CI	(48.4–56.3)	(51.0–63.6)	(51.2–61.5)	(56.7–63.9)	(54.2–58.6)	
Some of the time 	%	26.4	25.9	25.0	24.9	25.6	
	95% CI	(22.2–30.5)	(21.8–29.9)	(21.7–28.4)	(22.1–27.7)	(23.8–27.4)	
Little/none of the time	%	20.2	16.5	16.6	12.4	16.5	
	95% CI	(17.2–23.2)	(13.0–19.9)	(13.4–19.7)	(10.3–14.5)	(14.9–18.0)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often been a happy person	
All/most of the time	%	70.9	68.2	71.0	74.5	71.4	
	95% CI	(67.7–74.1)	(63.2–73.2)	(66.9–75.1)	(72.5–76.6)	(69.5–73.3)	
Some of the time 	%	18.7	22.9	17.3	17.3	18.8	
	95% CI	(14.9–22.5)	(18.0–27.8)	(14.5–20.1)	(14.9–19.7)	(17.1–20.6)	
Little/none of the time	%	9.5	8.5	9.9	6.1	8.4	
	95% CI	(7.4–11.5)	(6.4–10.7)	(7.4–12.3)	(4.9–7.3)	(7.4–9.4)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often felt full of life	
All/most of the time	%	52.1	50.3	52.4	62.0	54.6	
	95% CI	(49.0–55.2)	(44.4–56.1)	(48.4–56.4)	(60.4–63.6)	(52.8–56.4)	
Some of the time 	%	26.4	30.4	27.5	23.4	26.6	
	95% CI	(22.6–30.2)	(26.1–34.8)	(23.0–32.0)	(20.8–25.9)	(24.8–28.4)	
Little/none of the time	%	20.5	19.0	18.3	12.0	17.3	
	95% CI	(17.7–23.3)	(14.9–23.0)	(15.6–21.0)	(10.0–14.1)	(15.8–18.8)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had a lot of energy	
All/most of the time	%	42.5	44.7	45.0	55.5	47.2	
	95% CI	(38.2–46.9)	(38.9–50.5)	(41.0–49.1)	(52.9–58.2)	(45.2–49.2)	
Some of the time 	%	32.6	29.5	31.0	27.9	30.3	
	95% CI	(28.5–36.6)	(24.7–34.3)	(27.3–34.6)	(25.0–30.7)	(28.4–32.2)	
Little/none of the time	%	23.9	25.4	22.1	14.1	21.1	
	95% CI	(21.0–26.8)	(20.8–30.0)	(19.0–25.2)	(11.5–16.6)	(19.4–22.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Anger
Table D13: Anger by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	Male	Female	Persons	
How often felt annoyed or irritated	
A lot 	%	13.1	18.2	15.8	
	95% CI	(11.2–14.9)	(16.3–20.1)	(14.3–17.3)	
Some 	%	53.1	55.8	54.5	
	95% CI	(50.5–55.6)	(53.6–57.9)	(52.8–56.2)	
Not at all 	%	32.3	24.6	28.2	
	95% CI	(29.1–35.5)	(22.1–27.1)	(26.0–30.4)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had violent thoughts	
A lot 	%	4.7	3.9	4.3	
	95% CI	(3.5–6.0)	(3.2–4.7)	(3.6–5.0)	
Some 	%	18.6	18.8	18.7	
	95% CI	(16.2–21.0)	(16.9–20.6)	(17.1–20.2)	
Not at all 	%	75.0	76.0	75.6	
	95% CI	(72.3–77.7)	(73.7–78.3)	(73.9–77.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often wanted to break or smash things	
A lot 	%	2.9	3.9	3.4	
	95% CI	(2.0–3.8)	(2.9–4.9)	(2.8–4.1)	
Some 	%	15.4	17.0	16.2	
	95% CI	(13.4–17.3)	(15.0–19.0)	(14.8–17.6)	
Not at all 	%	80.2	77.8	78.9	
	95% CI	(77.9–82.5)	(75.7–79.8)	(77.7–80.1)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had a lot of arguments	
A lot 	%	4.3	6.7	5.6	
	95% CI	(3.2–5.5)	(5.6–7.8)	(4.7–6.5)	
Some 	%	28.2	30.1	29.3	
	95% CI	(25.5–31.0)	(27.4–32.9)	(27.3–31.3)	
Not at all 	%	65.9	61.8	63.7	
	95% CI	(62.8–68.9)	(58.8–64.8)	(61.6–65.8)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
(continued)

Table D13 (continued): Anger by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 
2004–05
		Male	Female 	Persons	
How often shouting or throwing things	
A lot 	%	3.2	5.1	4.2	
	95% CI	(2.2–4.2)	(4.2–6.0)	(3.5–4.9)	
Some 	%	17.9	25.9	22.2	
	95% CI	(15.8–20.1)	(23.5–28.3)	(20.6–23.8)	
Not at all 	%	77.3	67.5	72.1	
	95% CI	(74.6–80.1)	(64.7–70.4)	(70.3–73.9)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people	120,500	137,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D14: Anger by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years 	55 years and over 	Total	
How often felt annoyed or irritated	
A lot 	%	14.8	16.8	17.8	15.7	12.1	15.8	
	95%CI	(11.7–17.8)	(14.2–19.4)	(14.8–20.8)	(12.0–19.3)	(8.4–15.8)	(14.3–17.3)	
Some 	%	53.3	55.8	57.0	56.3	47.2	54.5	
	95%CI	(48.9–57.6)	(51.8–59.8)	(53.3–60.7)	(51.8–60.9)	(42.4–52.1)	(52.8–56.2)	
Not at all 	%	30.9	26.2	23.5	27.0	37.6	28.2	
	95%CI	(26.7–35.2)	(22.9–29.5)	(20.0–27.0)	(22.9–31.1)	(31.2–43.9)	(26.0–30.4)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had violent thoughts	
A lot 	%	5.1	5.2	4.3	*3.4	*2.0	4.3	
	95%CI	(3.5–6.8)	(3.5–7.0)	(3.1–5.6)	(1.7–5.1)	(0.8–3.1)	(3.6–5.0)	
Some 	%	21.8	19.7	18.5	20.1	9.8	18.7	
	95%CI	(17.9–25.8)	(16.6–22.9)	(15.4–21.5)	(15.8–24.4)	(7.5–12.0)	(17.1–20.2)	
Not at all 	%	72.0	73.7	75.7	75.4	85.4	75.6	
	95%CI	(67.6–76.4)	(70.3–77.2)	(72.3–79.0)	(71.0–79.9)	(81.9–88.9)	(73.9–77.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often wanted to break or smash things	
A lot 	%	4.7	4.4	3.4	*1.9	*1.2	3.4	
	95%CI	(2.5–6.8)	(2.9–6.0)	(2.1–4.6)	(0.8–3.1)	(0.2–2.1)	(2.8–4.1)	
Some 	%	20.4	18.9	14.7	14.7	7.9	16.2	
	95%CI	(16.8–24.1)	(16.0–21.8)	(11.9–17.6)	(11.4–17.9)	(5.7–10.1)	(14.8–17.6)	
Not at all 	%	73.8	75.4	80.4	82.5	88.0	78.9	
	95%CI	(69.8–77.8)	(72.1–78.8)	(77.5–83.4)	(79.0–85.9)	(85.1–90.9)	(77.7–80.1)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had a lot of arguments	
A lot 	%	7.2	6.4	6.0	4.6	*1.6	5.6	
	95%CI	(5.3–9.1)	(4.8–8.0)	(4.4–7.6)	(2.6–6.5)	(0.6–2.6)	(4.7–6.5)	
Some 	%	34.7	30.7	31.2	27.9	15.2	29.3	
	95%CI	(30.0–39.4)	(26.6–34.8)	(27.3–35.1)	(23.8–31.9)	(11.8–18.6)	(27.3–31.3)	
Not at all 	%	56.8	61.8	61.2	66.6	80.3	63.7	
	95%CI	(52.3–61.2)	(57.5–66.1)	(57.3–65.2)	(62.2–70.9)	(76.1–84.6)	(61.6–65.8)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
(continued)

Table D14 (continued): Anger by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years 	55 years and over 	Total	
How often shouting or throwing things	
A lot 	%	4.4	5.1	4.6	4.1	*1.4	4.2	
	95%CI	(2.8–6.1)	(3.8–6.4)	(3.3–6.0)	(2.3–5.9)	(0.4–2.4)	(3.5–4.9)	
Some 	%	24.4	25.4	25.3	19.4	9.5	22.2	
	95%CI	(20.2–28.5)	(22.1–28.7)	(21.7–28.8)	(15.7–23.2)	(7.0–12.0)	(20.6–23.8)	
Not at all 	%	69.8	68.3	68.6	75.6	86.3	72.1	
	95%CI	(66.0–73.6)	(64.7–71.8)	(65.0–72.2)	(71.7–79.4)	(83.1–89.4)	(70.3–73.9)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		69,800	56,700	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
*	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D15: Anger by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities	Inner Regional	Outer Regional	Remote/Very Remote	Australia	
How often felt annoyed or irritated	
A lot 	%	17.5	17.2	17.0	12.2	15.8	
	95% CI	(14.5–20.4)	(13.3–21.1)	(14.2–19.7)	(10.0–14.3)	(14.3–17.3)	
Some 	%	55.5	57.6	54.9	50.9	54.5	
	95% CI	(51.6–59.4)	(53.4–61.9)	(50.9–59.0)	(47.7–54.2)	(52.8–56.2)	
Not at all 	%	26.0	24.8	26.2	34.5	28.2	
	95% CI	(22.4–29.6)	(19.7–29.9)	(21.9–30.5)	(30.6–38.4)	(26.0–30.4)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had violent thoughts	
A lot 	%	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.0	4.3	
	95% CI	(2.8–6.0)	(2.8–6.0)	(2.7–6.2)	(2.9–5.1)	(3.6–5.0)	
Some 	%	15.2	18.3	17.0	24.0	18.7	
	95% CI	(12.6–17.9)	(14.5–22.2)	(14.0–19.9)	(21.3–26.7)	(17.1–20.2)	
Not at all 	%	79.4	76.7	76.8	69.7	75.6	
	95% CI	(77.0–81.8)	(72.3–81.1)	(72.3–81.3)	(66.4–73.0)	(73.9–77.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often wanted to break or smash things	
A lot 	%	4.1	3.3	3.5	2.7	3.4	
	95% CI	(2.5–5.8)	(1.8–4.7)	(2.2–4.9)	(1.9–3.6)	(2.8–4.1)	
Some 	%	14.7	14.1	16.5	19.2	16.2	
	95% CI	(11.8–17.6)	(10.9–17.3)	(13.1–19.9)	(17.0–21.4)	(14.8–17.6)	
Not at all 	%	80.2	82.1	78.2	75.8	78.9	
	95% CI	(77.6–82.9)	(77.9–86.2)	(74.2–82.2)	(72.8–78.7)	(77.7–80.1)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
How often had a lot of arguments	
A lot 	%	5.7	4.6	6.6	5.4	5.6	
	95% CI	(4.0–7.4)	(2.5–6.7)	(4.3–8.8)	(3.9–6.9)	(4.7–6.5)	
Some 	%	30.0	28.1	25.4	32.1	29.3	
	95% CI	(25.6–34.5)	(23.0–33.3)	(21.8–29.0)	(29.0–35.3)	(27.3–31.3)	
Not at all 	%	63.3	66.7	66.2	60.0	63.7	
	95% CI	(59.7–66.9)	(61.3–72.2)	(60.8–71.5)	(56.6–63.4)	(61.6–65.8)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
(continued)
Table D15 (continued): Anger by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities	Inner Regional	Outer Regional	Remote/Very Remote	Australia	
How often shouting or throwing things	
A lot 	%	4.5	2.7	4.8	4.6	4.2	
	95% CI	(3.0–6.1)	(1.4–4.0)	(3.2–6.3)	(3.4–5.7)	(3.5–4.9)	
Some 	%	19.0	22.3	21.5	26.1	22.2	
	95% CI	(15.8–22.3)	(17.9–26.6)	(18.3–24.7)	(23.3–28.9)	(20.6–23.8)	
Not at all 	%	75.5	74.5	72.0	66.8	72.1	
	95% CI	(71.9–79.1)	(69.3–79.7)	(67.2–76.8)	(63.1–70.5)	(70.3–73.9)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
(a) 	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Stressors
Table D16: Type of stressor by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05	
	 	Male	Female	Persons	
Type of stressor					
Serious illness or disability	%	27.4	29.3	28.4	
	95% CI	(24.74–30.3)	(26.8–31.9)	(26.3–30.5)	
Serious accident	%	10.0	8.8	9.4	
	95% CI	(8.1–11.9)	(7.4–10.2)	(8.2–10.5)	
Death of a family member or close friend	%	40.1	43.8	42.1	
	95% CI	(37.2–43.1)	(41.3–46.2)	(39.9–44.2)	
Divorce or separation	%	9.6	12.3	11.1	
	95% CI	(7.9–11.4)	(10.4–14.2)	(9.7–12.4)	
Not able to get a job	%	18.3	15.8	16.9	
	95% CI	(15.7–20.8)	(13.8–17.7)	(15.3–18.6)	
Involuntary loss of job	%	8.4	6.5	7.4	
	95% CI	(6.5–10.4)	(5.0–8.0)	(6.2–8.6)	
Alcohol-related problems	%	18.9	21.1	20.1	
	95% CI	(16.4–21.4)	(19.0–23.2)	(18.4–21.8)	
Drug-related problems	%	15.4	17.3	16.4	
	95% CI	(13.1–17.7)	(15.1–19.5)	(14.8–18.0)	
Witness to violence	%	14.0	14.4	14.2	
	95% CI	(11.3–16.6)	(12.4–16.5)	(12.4–16.1)	
Abuse or violent crime	%	10.0	12.5	11.4	
	95% CI	(8.0–12.1)	(10.4–14.6)	(9.7–13.0)	
Trouble with the police	%	18.4	14.5	16.3	
	95% CI	(15.9–20.9)	(12.5–16.5)	(14.6–18.0)	
Gambling problem	%	11.5	15.3	13.5	
	95% CI	(9.6–13.4)	(13.4–17.2)	(12.0–15.0)	
Member of family sent to jail/currently in jail	%	18.2	19.2	18.7	
	95% CI	(15.5–20.9)	(17.0–21.5)	(16.8–20.7)	
Overcrowding at home	%	14.6	18.9	16.9	
	95% CI	(12.2–17.0)	(16.9–20.9)	(15.1–18.7)	
Discrimination/ racism	%	12.2	11.1	11.6	
	95% CI	(10.1–14.4)	(9.6–12.6)	(10.3–13.0)	
None of the above	%	24.3	20.6	22.4	
	95% CI	(21.3–27.4)	(18.2–23.1)	(20.3–24.4)	
Total(a)(b)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(b)	 	120,500	137,800	258,300	
(a)	Multiple response item – total exceeds 100.0%.
(b)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D17: Type of stressor by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05	
	 	18–24 years	25–34 years	35–44 years	45–54 years	55 years and over	Total	
Type of stressor								
Serious illness or disability	%	23.3	28.2	33.5	29.2	27.6	28.4	
	95% CI	(19.2–27.3)	(24.2–32.2)	(29.4–37.7)	(25.1–33.4)	(22.9–32.2)	(26.3–30.5)	
Serious accident	%	8.8	11.6	10.2	6.8	7.3	9.4	
	95% CI	(6.2–11.4)	(9.2–13.9)	(7.9–12.4)	(4.4–9.3)	(4.8–9.8)	(8.2–10.5)	
Death of a family member or close friend	%	36.5	43.7	45.1	44.1	40.1	42.1	
	95% CI	(32.6–40.5)	(39.9–47.5)	(41.4–48.8)	(39.1–49.1)	(35.2–45.1)	(39.9–44.2)	
Divorce or separation	%	9.0	13.6	12.4	10.3	7.8	11.1	
	95% CI	(6.4–11.6)	(11.2–15.9)	(9.7–15.0)	(6.8–13.9)	(4.1–11.5)	(9.7–12.4)	
Not able to get a job	%	21.0	17.6	16.9	16.3	9.3	16.9	
	95% CI	(17.4–24.6)	(14.4–20.8)	(13.9–19.9)	(12.3–20.4)	(7.0–11.6)	(15.3–18.6)	
Involuntary loss of job	%	7.4	8.4	6.8	7.6	*6.3	7.4	
	95% CI	(5.0–9.7)	(5.9–10.9)	(5.0–8.7)	(4.2–10.9)	(2.1–10.4)	(6.2–8.6)	
Alcohol-related problems	%	15.4	22.9	22.4	19.9	18.2	20.1	
	95% CI	(11.9–19.0)	(19.6–26.2)	(19.4–25.5)	(15.6–24.3)	(14.3–22.0)	(18.4–21.8)	
Drug-related problems	%	13.7	19.7	16.5	17.5	12.6	16.4	
	95% CI	(10.8–16.6)	(15.7–23.7)	(13.8–19.2)	(13.9–21.1)	(9.4–15.8)	(14.8–18.0)	
Witness to violence	%	11.1	17.7	16.3	13.9	9.0	14.2	
	95% CI	(8.2–14.0)	(14.3–21.1)	(13.0–19.6)	(9.6–18.2)	(6.7–11.3)	(12.4–16.1)	
Abuse or violent crime	%	10.8	11.4	14.7	11.1	6.6	11.4	
	95% CI	(7.9–13.7)	(8.9–14.0)	(11.4–18.0)	(6.9–15.3)	(4.6–8.6)	(9.7–13.0)	
Trouble with the police	%	16.9	16.2	19.2	15.2	11.9	16.3	
	95% CI	(13.4–20.4)	(13.5–18.9)	(16.1–22.2)	(11.4–19.1)	(8.8–15.0)	(14.6–18.0)	
Gambling problem	%	11.8	16.2	15.4	11.3	9.8	13.5	
	95% CI	(8.7–14.9)	(13.5–18.9)	(12.5–18.4)	(8.1–14.6)	(7.0–12.6)	(12.0–15.0)	
Member of family sent to jail/currently in jail	%	20.2	19.7	17.3	18.1	17.3	18.7	
	95% CI	(16.3–24.1)	(16.2–23.3)	(14.4–20.2)	(14.0–22.2)	(14.0–20.7)	(16.8–20.7)	
Overcrowding at home	%	15.9	18.5	19.4	15.7	12.0	16.9	
	95% CI	(12.2–19.7)	(15.9–21.1)	(16.6–22.3)	(11.8–19.5)	(9.8–14.3)	(15.1–18.7)	
Discrimination/ racism	%	8.9	12.9	12.5	15.2	8.0	11.6	
	95% CI	(6.7–11.0)	(10.3–15.4)	(9.9–15.1)	(10.4–19.9)	(5.4–10.6)	(10.3–13.0)	
None of the above	%	26.6	18.5	20.9	21.9	26.3	22.4	
	95% CI	(21.9–31.4)	(15.6–21.4)	(17.5–24.3)	(17.2–26.5)	(21.3–31.4)	(20.3–24.4)	
Total(a)(b)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(b) 	56,700	69,800	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
(a)	Multiple response item – total exceeds 100.0%.
(b)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D18: Type of stressor by remoteness, Indigenous people aged 18 years and over, 2004–05	
		Major cities	Inner regional	Outer regional	Remote or very remote	Australia	
Type of stressor							
Serious illness or disability	%	30.0	28.4	25.8	28.7	28.4	
	95% CI	(25.9–34.2)	(24.0–32.7)	(21.7–29.9)	(25.2–32.1)	(26.3–30.5)	
Serious accident	%	9.9	7.5	6.8	12.1	9.4	
	95% CI	(7.7–12.1)	(5.1–9.9)	(5.0–8.6)	(9.5–14.6)	(8.2–10.5)	
Death of a family member or close friend	%	41.8	39.2	40.5	45.6	42.1	
	95% CI	(37.6–45.9)	(33.3–45.0)	(36.1–44.9)	(41.9–49.3)	(39.9–44.2)	
Divorce or separation	%	12.4	14.2	11.2	7.3	11.1	
	95% CI	(9.5–15.3)	(10.8–17.6)	(8.5–13.9)	(5.4–9.2)	(9.7–12.4)	
Not able to get a job	%	20.2	15.8	16.4	14.6	16.9	
	95% CI	(17.0–23.4)	(11.7–19.9)	(13.6–19.2)	(11.9–17.3)	(15.3–18.6)	
Involuntary loss of job	%	12.4	7.6	5.0	3.7	7.4	
	95% CI	(9.3–15.5)	(4.4–10.7)	(3.5–6.6)	(2.6–4.8)	(6.2–8.6)	
Alcohol-related problems	%	20.9	15.3	18.1	24.1	20.1	
	95% CI	(17.2–24.6)	(11.6–19.0)	(14.5–21.6)	(21.5–26.7)	(18.4–21.8)	
Drug-related problems	%	19.2	14.5	15.9	15.2	16.4	
	95% CI	(16.1–22.2)	(10.2–18.7)	(12.8–19.0)	(12.7–17.7)	(14.8–18.0)	
Witness to violence	%	11.2	10.8	9.5	23.5	14.2	
	95% CI	(8.2–14.1)	(7.1–14.6)	(5.8–13.2)	(20.0–27.0)	(12.4–16.1)	
Abuse or violent crime	%	11.3	10.1	10.1	13.2	11.4	
	95% CI	(8.5–14.1)	(6.4–13.9)	(6.5–13.8)	(10.5–15.9)	(9.7–13.0)	
Trouble with the police	%	15.6	12.9	17.1	19.0	16.3	
	95% CI	(12.5–18.7)	(9.2–16.6)	(14.0–21.5)	(16.2–21.7)	(14.6–18.0)	
Gambling problem	%	12.6	8.8	11.4	19.4	13.5	
	95% CI	(9.8–15.4)	(5.7–11.8)	(8.6–14.2)	(16.5–22.2)	(12.0–15.0)	
Member of family sent to jail/currently in jail	%	17.2	13.6	17.7	24.7	18.7	
	95% CI	(13.9–20.5)	(10.0–17.2)	(14.0–21.5)	(20.9–28.6)	(16.8–20.7)	
Overcrowding at home	%	11.3	8.9	16.1	29.2	16.9	
	95% CI	(8.8–13.8)	(5.8–12.0)	(12.7–19.6)	(25.0–33.4)	(15.1–18.7)	
Discrimination/ racism	%	11.7	11.0	10.4	13.1	11.6	
	95% CI	(9.8–13.5)	(7.6–14.4)	(7.3–13.5)	(10.7–15.5)	(10.3–13.0)	
None of the above	%	22.5	22.6	23.8	20.9	22.4	
	95% CI	(19.3–25.7)	(17.9–27.3)	(19.9–27.7)	(16.5–25.2)	(20.3–24.4)	
Missing	%	**0.3	**0.6	**1.1	*0.8	*0.8	
	95% CI	(–0.0–0.7)	(–0.0–1.3)	(–0.2–2.3)	(0.4–1.2)	(0.4–1.2)	
Total(a)(b)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(b)	78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
** 	Estimate has a relative standard error greater than 50% and is considered too unreliable for general use.
(a)	Multiple response item – total exceeds 100.0%.
(b)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D19: Number of stressors by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Male	Female	Persons	
Number of stressors	
0	%	24.3	20.6	22.4	
	95% CI	(21.3–27.4)	(18.2–23.1)	(20.3–24.4)	
1	%	25.6	24.4	25.0	
	95%CI	(22.8–28.5)	(22.0–26.9)	(23.1–26.9)	
2–3	%	23.9	26.6	25.3	
	95% CI	(21.3–26.4)	(24.3–28.9)	(23.6–27.1)	
4 or more	%	25.2	27.7	26.6	
	95% CI	(22.3–28.1)	(25.3–30.2)	(24.5–28.6)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Average number of stressors(a)	no.	2.5	2.6	2.6	
	95% CI	(2.3–2.7)	(2.5–2.8)	(2.4–2.7)	
Total no. of Indigenous people 	 	120,500	137,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D20: Number of stressors by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years 	55 years and over 	Total	
Number of stressors	
0	%	26.6	18.5	20.9	21.9	26.3	22.4	
	95% CI	(21.9–31.4)	(15.6–21.4)	(17.5–24.3)	(17.2–26.5)	(21.3–31.4)	(20.3–24.4)	
1	%	21.4	25.5	23.4	25.2	32.5	25.0	
	95% CI	(18.3–24.6)	(21.4–29.6)	(20.3–26.5)	(21.2–29.3)	(26.9–38.1)	(23.1–26.9)	
2–3	%	27.6	25.4	24.9	25.8	21.3	25.3	
	95% CI	(24.1–31.0)	(22.2–28.6)	(21.4–28.5)	(21.4–30.2)	(17.9–24.7)	(23.6–27.1)	
4 or more	%	23.5	29.6	30.0	26.4	19.5	26.6	
	95% CI	(19.6–27.3)	(25.6–33.5)	(26.4–33.7)	(21.3–31.5)	(15.5–23.4)	(24.5–28.6)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Average number of stressors(a)	no.	2.3	2.8	2.8	2.5	2.0	2.6	
	95% CI	(2.1–2.6)	(2.6–3.0)	(2.6–3.0)	(2.2–2.9)	(1.9–2.2)	(2.4–2.7)	
Total no. of Indigenous people	 	56,700	69,800	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D21: Number of stressors by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major cities	Inner regional	Outer regional	Remote/very remote	Australia	
Number of stressors	
0	%	22.5	22.6	23.8	20.9	22.4	
	95% CI	(19.3–25.7)	(17.9–27.3)	(19.9–27.7)	(16.5–25.2)	(20.3–24.4)	
1	%	24.9	31.3	26.1	19.8	25.0	
	95% CI	(20.9–28.8)	(25.5–37.1)	(22.5–29.7)	(17.0–22.6)	(23.1–26.9)	
2–3	%	25.4	24.5	25.8	25.4	25.3	
	95% CI	(21.8–29.1)	(19.6–29.5)	(22.1–29.5)	(22.8–27.9)	(23.6–27.1)	
4 or more	%	26.9	20.9	23.2	32.8	26.6	
	95% CI	(22.9–30.8)	(15.8–26.0)	(19.4–27.0)	(29.7–35.8)	(24.5–28.6)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Average stressors	no.	2.6	2.2	2.3	3.0	2.6	
	95% CI	(2.4–2.8)	(1.9–2.5)	(2.0–2.7)	(2.7–3.2)	(2.4–2.7)	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Discrimination
Table D22: Discrimination by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	Male 	Female 	Persons	
Treatment when seeking health care compared with non-Indigenous people	
Worse 	%	3.0	4.9	4.0	
	95% CI	(2.0–3.9)	(3.7–6.1)	(3.1–4.8)	
Same 	%	82.4	83.6	83.0	
	95% CI	(79.3–85.5)	(81.2–86.0)	(80.9–85.1)	
Better 	%	4.8	5.9	5.4	
	95% CI	(3.5–6.1)	(4.4–7.4)	(4.4–6.4)	
Other(a)	%	9.9	5.6	7.6	
	95% CI	(7.6–12.2)	(4.3–6.8)	(6.2–8.9)	
Total(b)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(b)		111,600	127,300	238,900	
Whether felt treated badly because of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin	
Yes 	%	15.7	15.6	15.6	
	95% CI	(13.4–17.9)	(13.8–17.4)	(14.1–17.2)	
No 	%	83.6	83.8	83.7	
	95% CI	(80.7–86.5)	(81.8–85.9)	(82.0–85.4)	
Total(c)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(c)	 	120,500	137,800	258,300	
(a)	Includes those who did not seek health care in last 12 months and those who only encountered Indigenous people. 
(b) 	Excludes missing responses on treatment when seeking health care compared with non-Indigenous people (8%).
(c)	Includes missing responses on whether felt treated badly because of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D23: Discrimination by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	18–24 years	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years 	55 years and over 	Total	
Treatment when seeking health care compared with non-Indigenous people	
Worse 	%	4.1	4.7	3.7	3.9	*2.8	4.0	
	95% CI	(2.2–6.1)	(3.1–6.4)	(2.4–5.0)	(2.3–5.5)	(1.3–4.2)	(3.1–4.8)	
Same 	%	82.1	82.5	82.4	80.7	89.7	83.0	
	95% CI	(77.7–86.5)	(79.2–85.8)	(79.3–85.4)	(76.6–84.9)	(85.5–93.8)	(80.9–85.1)	
Better 	%	5.3	4.4	7.0	5.3	4.9	5.4	
	95% CI	(3.3–7.3)	(3.1–5.8)	(5.0–9.1)	(3.3–7.3)	(2.8–6.9)	(4.4–6.4)	
Other(a)	%	8.4	8.3	6.9	10.1	*2.7	7.6	
	95% CI	(6.0–10.9)	(5.7–10.9)	(5.0–8.8)	(6.1–14.0)	(1.2–4.1)	(6.2–8.9)	
Total(b)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(b)		51,900	64,300	54,400	37,200	31,100	238,900	
Whether felt treated badly because of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin	
Yes 	%	12.8	16.6	17.9	16.7	13.0	15.6	
	95% CI	(10.0–15.7)	(14.1–19.2)	(14.9–20.8)	(12.5–20.9)	(9.7–16.3)	(14.1–17.2)	
No 	%	86.2	82.8	81.3	82.9	86.6	83.7	
	95% CI	(82.7–89.7)	(80.2–85.4)	(78.4–84.2)	(78.7–87.2)	(80.9–92.4)	(82.0–85.4)	
Total(c)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(c)	 	56,700	69,800	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
(a)	Includes those who did not seek health care in last 12 months and those who only encountered Indigenous people. 
(b)	Excludes missing responses on treatment when seeking health care compared with non-Indigenous people (8%).
(c) 	Includes missing responses on whether felt treated badly because of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D24: Discrimination by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities	Inner Regional	Outer Regional	Remote/Very Remote	Australia	
Treatment when seeking health care compared with non-Indigenous people	
Worse 	%	3.5	*2.9	3.7	5.5	4.0	
	95% CI	(2.3–4.7)	(0.8–5.1)	(2.2–5.2)	(3.9–7.1)	(3.1–4.8)	
Same 	%	85.7	83.2	86.8	77.1	83.0	
	95% CI	(82.9–88.6)	(78.4–88.0)	(83.8–89.8)	(72.9–81.2)	(80.9–85.1)	
Better 	%	2.9	4.2	2.1	11.4	5.4	
	95% CI	(1.7–4.2)	(2.3–6.1)	(1.2–3.1)	(8.4–14.5)	(4.4–6.4)	
Other(a)	%	7.8	9.6	7.4	6.0	7.6	
	95% CI	(5.6–10.0)	(5.6–13.7)	(4.8–9.9)	(4.1–7.9)	(6.2–8.9)	
Total(b)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(b)		71,600	47,600	52,700	67,000	238,900	
Whether felt treated badly because of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin	
Yes 	%	15.4	13.5	17.4	16.0	15.6	
	95% CI	(12.8–18.1)	(9.2–17.7)	(14.7–20.1)	(13.3–18.7)	(14.1–17.2)	
No 	%	84.1	85.9	81.9	83.1	83.7	
	95% CI	(80.7–87.5)	(83.5–88.4)	(79.5–84.3)	(79.5–86.8)	(82.0–85.4)	
Total(c)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(c)	 	78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
(a)	Includes those who did not seek health care in last 12 months and those who only encountered Indigenous people. 
(b)	Excludes missing responses on treatment when seeking health care compared with non-Indigenous people (8%).
(c) 	Includes missing responses on whether felt treated badly because of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Cultural identity
Table D25: Cultural identity by sex, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, non-remote areas only, 2004–05
		Male	Female	Persons	
Whether identifies with a tribal group, language group or clan	
Yes	%	47.5	44.2	45.7	
	95% CI	(43.2–51.8)	(40.3–48.2)	(42.4–49.1)	
No	%	49.0	51.4	50.3	
	95% CI	(44.9–53.2)	(47.3–55.6)	(47.1–53.5)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		86,600	98,900	185,500	
Whether recognises area as homelands or traditional country/lives on homelands/is allowed to visit homelands	
Recognises homelands 	%	60.9	59.4	60.1	
	95% CI	(57.0–64.9)	(55.3–63.5)	(56.8–63.4)	
	and currently lives there	%	16.1	14.1	15.0	
	95% CI	(13.2–18.9)	(11.3–17.0)	(12.7–17.3)	
	and does not currently live there but allowed to visit	%	42.7	44.3	43.6	
	95% CI	(39.2–46.3)	(40.1–48.5)	(40.4–46.7)	
	and does not currently live there and not allowed to visit	%	*0.9	*0.3	*0.6	
	95% CI	(0.2–1.6)	(0.0–0.5)	(0.2–0.9)	
Doesn’t recognise homelands	%	37.5	38.4	38.0	
	95% CI	(33.5–41.5)	(34.6–42.2)	(35.0–41.0)	
Total(a) 	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	86,600	98,900	185,500	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Note:	Non-remote population only.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D26: Cultural identity by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, non-remote areas only, 2004–05
	 	18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years 	55 years or more 	Total	
Whether identifies with a tribal group, language group or clan	
Yes	%	40.1	46.4	48.6	50.0	44.5	45.7	
	95% CI	(32.6–47.6)	(41.1–51.7)	(43.3–53.8)	(43.1–56.8)	(38.0–51.0)	(42.4–49.1)	
No	%	55.1	50.2	47.5	47.0	50.7	50.3	
	95% CI	(49.3–60.9)	(44.7–55.6)	(41.9–53.1)	(40.2–53.9)	(42.0–59.5)	(47.1–53.5)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		42,500	49,800	40,600	28,900	23,800	185,500	
Whether recognises area as homelands or traditional country/lives on homelands/is allowed to visit homelands	
Recognises homelands	%	51.7	60.5	61.9	67.2	62.6	60.1	
	95% CI	(44.6–58.8)	(54.8–66.2)	(56.6–67.2)	(60.8–73.5)	(55.6–69.5)	(56.8–63.4)	
	and currently lives there	%	14.7	14.5	13.5	18.0	15.9	15.0	
	95% CI	(9.6–19.7)	(10.6–18.4)	(9.9–17.0)	(12.4–23.6)	(8.7–23.2)	(12.7–17.3)	
	and does not currently live there but allowed to visit	%	35.9	44.0	46.8	47.6	45.8	43.6	
	95% CI	(29.1–42.7)	(38.6–49.4)	(41.7–51.9)	(41.2–54.1)	(41.3–50.4)	(40.4–46.7)	
	and does not currently live there and not allowed to visit	%	**0.1	**0.7	*1.3	**0.5	**0.1	*0.6	
	95% CI	(–0.1–0.2)	(–0.2–1.7)	(0.2–2.3)	(–0.1–1.1)	(–0.1–0.2)	(0.2–0.9)	
Doesn’t recognise homelands	%	47.3	37.3	35.9	31.0	35.0	38.0	
	95% CI	(41.5–53.0)	(31.5–43.0)	(30.6–41.2)	(24.7–37.2)	(28.1–41.9)	(35.0–41.0)	
Total(a) 	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	42,500	49,800	40,600	28,900	23,800	185,500	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
** 	Estimate has a relative standard error of more than 50% and should be used with caution.
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Note:	Non-remote population only.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D27: Cultural identity by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, non-remote areas only, 2004–05
	 	Major Cities	Inner Regional 	Outer Regional 	Australia	
Whether identifies with a tribal group, language group or clan	
Yes	%	49.5	40.2	45.5	45.7	
	95% CI	(44.6–54.4)	(33.1–47.3)	(39.5–51.6)	(42.4–49.1)	
No	%	48.7	57.3	46.1	50.3	
	95% CI	(43.5–53.8)	(51.2–63.5)	(40.8–51.4)	(47.1–53.5)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)		78,700	51,400	55,400	185,500	
Whether recognises area as homelands or traditional country/lives on homelands/is allowed to visit homelands	
Recognises homelands	%	61.4	56.4	61.7	60.1	
	95% CI	(56.5–66.4)	(50.2–62.6)	(55.4–68.0)	(56.8–63.4)	
	and currently lives there	%	7.0	22.3	19.8	15.0	
	95% CI	(4.6–9.3)	(16.9–27.7)	(15.2–24.4)	(12.7–17.3)	
	and does not currently live there but allowed to visit	%	52.7	32.6	40.8	43.6	
	95% CI	(47.6–57.7)	(27.9–37.3)	(34.6–47.0)	(40.4–46.7)	
	and does not currently live there and not allowed to visit	%	*0.8	**0.2	*0.5	*0.6	
	95% CI	(0.1–1.6)	(–0.1–0.6)	(0.0–1.1)	(0.2–0.9)	
Doesn’t recognise homelands	%	38.2	43.1	32.9	38.0	
	95% CI	(33.2–43.3)	(37.4–48.9)	(28.6–37.1)	(35.0–41.0)	
Total(a) 	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	78,700	51,400	55,400	185,500	
* 	Estimate has a relative standard error between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution.
** 	Estimate has a relative standard error greater than 50% and is considered too unreliable for general use.
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Note:	Non-remote population only.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Removal from family
Table D28: Whether respondent taken away from natural family by sex, Indigenous persons 
aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	Male	Female	Persons	
Whether respondent taken away from natural family	
Yes	%	5.8	7.9	7.0	
	95% CI	(4.7–6.9)	(6.4–9.5)	(5.9–8.0)	
No	%	91.6	89.2	90.3	
	95% CI	(89.7–93.4)	(87.3–91.2)	(88.9–91.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	120,500	137,800	258,300	
(a) 	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D29: Whether relative/s taken away from natural family by sex, Indigenous persons 
aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	Male	Female	Persons	
Whether relative/s taken away from natural family	
Yes	%	40.1	44.8	42.6	
	95% CI	(36.4–43.7)	(41.9–47.8)	(40.2–45.1)	
No	%	59.9	55.2	57.4	
	95% CI	(56.2–63.7)	(51.8–58.5)	(54.6–60.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	100,000	116,500	216,400	
(a) 	Excludes missing responses (13.8%).
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D30: Whether respondent taken away from natural family by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years	55 years and over 	Total	
Whether respondent taken away from natural family	
Yes	%	4.0	4.6	7.6	11.1	10.9	7.0	
	95% CI	(2.4–5.6)	(3.2–6.0)	(5.0–10.2)	(8.3–14.0)	(8.2–13.5)	(5.9–8.0)	
No	%	92.6	93.3	89.6	86.9	85.6	90.3	
	95% CI	(90.0–95.2)	(91.5–95.0)	(86.8–92.4)	(83.7–90.1)	(80.0–91.2)	(88.9–91.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	56,700	69,800	59,100	39,600	33,200	258,300	
(a)	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.

Table D31: Whether relative/s taken away from natural family by age, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
	 	18–24 years 	25–34 years 	35–44 years 	45–54 years	55 years and over 	Total	
Whether relative taken away from natural family	
Yes	%	42.6	41.5	44.2	45.6	38.7	42.6	
	95% CI	(36.1–49.2)	(37.4–45.5)	(40.2–48.1)	(40.5–50.8)	(32.5–44.9)	(40.2–45.1)	
No	%	57.4	58.5	55.8	54.4	61.3	57.4	
	95% CI	(51.9–62.9)	(54.7–62.3)	(51.2–60.5)	(48.1–60.6)	(55.7–66.9)	(54.6–60.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	45,600	59,400	49,600	33,800	28,100	216,400	
(a)	Excludes missing responses (13.8%).
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D32: Whether respondent taken away from natural family by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities 	Inner Regional 	Outer Regional	Remote or very Remote	Australia	
Whether respondent taken away from natural family	
Yes	%	10.3	5.7	6.0	4.9	7.0	
	95% CI	(7.7–12.8)	(3.8–7.6)	(4.3–7.8)	(3.8–6.1)	(5.9–8.0)	
No	%	87.2	91.4	91.1	92.4	90.3	
	95% CI	(84.4–89.9)	(88.5–94.3)	(89.4–92.7)	(90.6–94.3)	(88.9–91.7)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	78,700	51,400	55,400	72,800	258,300	
(a) 	Includes missing responses.
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.
Table D33: Whether relative/s taken away from natural family by remoteness, Indigenous persons aged 18 years and over, 2004–05
		Major Cities 	Inner Regional 	Outer Regional	Remote or very Remote	Australia	
Whether relative taken away from natural family	
Yes	%	52.4	42.6	48.1	29.4	42.6	
	95% CI	(47.7–57.2)	(35.5–49.8)	(42.0–54.2)	(26.8–32.0)	(40.2–45.1)	
No	%	47.6	57.4	51.9	70.6	57.4	
	95% CI	(42.3–52.8)	(49.4–65.4)	(45.4–58.4)	(67.2–73.9)	(54.6–60.2)	
Total(a)	%	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	
Total no. of Indigenous people(a)	 	63,700	42,200	44,800	65,800	216,400	
(a)	Excludes missing responses (13.8%).
Source: AIHW analysis of the 2004–05 NATSIHS.