The incidence of end-stage kidney disease is an important indicator of the health of the Australian population and valuable for health-care planning. End-stage kidney disease usually requires kidney replacement therapy to survive—either dialysis or a kidney transplant—but not all people with ESKD receive these treatments for a variety of reasons. This report builds on an established method for estimating the incidence of end-stage kidney disease and indicates that for every new case treated with dialysis or transplant there is one that is not. The incidence rates of end-stage kidney disease are highest among those aged 75 and over.