Neurological conditions in Australia:
Epilepsy in Australia
Web article
Last updated:
Topic: Neurological conditions
Citation
AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2025) Epilepsy in Australia, AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 14 June 2026.
This article is part of Neurological conditions in Australia
- Cerebral palsy in Australia
- Epilepsy in Australia This page
- Functional neurological disorder in Australia
- Guillain-Barré syndrome in Australia
- Huntington's disease in Australia
- Migraine and headaches in Australia
- Motor neurone disease in Australia
- Multiple sclerosis in Australia
- Myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome in Australia
- Myasthenia gravis in Australia
- Parkinson's disease in Australia
Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterised by an increased risk of unprovoked (spontaneous) seizures. Seizures are caused by a disruption of the electrical activity in the brain.
There are many causes of epilepsy, including (Epilepsy Action Australia 2023):
- brain trauma or stroke
- lack of oxygen to the brain
- brain infections and tumours
- conditions that affect the brain (such as dementia)
- high or low blood glucose levels and other biochemical imbalances
- genetic factors or brain variations present at birth
- though for about half of people living with epilepsy no clear cause can be identified.
Around 70% of people living with epilepsy can become seizure free with antiseizure medications (WHO 2019). The remaining 30% of people with drug-resistant epilepsy may benefit from epilepsy surgery, neuromodulation, or dietary therapies. An epilepsy diagnosis can impact work, education, and health.
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An estimated 152,000 (600 per 100,000 population) people were living with epilepsy in Australia in 2017–18.
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There were 25,200 hospitalisations (94 hospitalisations per 100,000 population) in 2023–24 with epilepsy recorded as the principal diagnosis, representing 6.9% of hospitalisations with a neurological condition as the principal diagnosis.
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Epilepsy was recorded as the underlying cause of 322 deaths in 2023, equivalent to 1.2 deaths per 100,000 population and representing 0.2% of all deaths.
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There were 29,200 (110 per 100,000 population) ED presentations due to epilepsy (principal diagnosis) in 2023–24, accounting for approximately 1 in 5 (22%) ED presentations due to a neurological condition.
This report presents both crude and age-standardised rates, where available.
Crude rates are based on unadjusted data and indicate whether there is a difference between populations without accounting for differences in the age structures of the populations.
Age-standardised rates are based on data that are adjusted to account for differences in the age structures of the populations.
Therefore, a difference between 2 populations in crude rates indicates that the rate differs between them. The differences may be due to any number of factors, including different age structures of the populations. In contrast, a difference between 2 populations in age-standardised rates indicates that the rate differs between them but that this difference is not due to different age-structures.
For example, a difference in the prevalence rate between males and females indicates that prevalence differs between them, and this difference in prevalence could be due to any number of risk factors, including age. A difference in the age-standardised prevalence rate between males and females indicates that prevalence differs between them and, furthermore, that this difference in prevalence is not due to age.
For more details about rate calculations see the Technical notes in the Neurological conditions in Australia report.
For interactive visualisations on hospitalisations, health-system costs and burden of disease for epilepsy, see Figure 2, Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively, in the Neurological conditions in Australia report. Change the toggles in the visualisations from “all neurological conditions” to “epilepsy”.
For downloadable data tables, see Data section of this article.
How common is epilepsy in Australia?
Based on self-reported data from the National Health Survey (NHS) 2017–18 (ABS 2018):
- around 152,000 (0.6% or 600 per 100,000) Australians were living with epilepsy (note that this may be an underestimate – see limitations dropdown box further below for an explanation)
- the same proportion (0.6%) of males and females were living with epilepsy.
Why NHS 2022 was not used for estimating epilepsy prevalence
The most recent NHS (2022) had a prevalence estimate (0.2%) for epilepsy that was much lower than all previous versions of the same survey. This likely reflects a change in survey methodology rather than a true decline in prevalence, because epilepsy was removed from the prompt cards for the NHS 2022. The prompt cards include a list of selected long-term health conditions that people may use as a guide for reporting the health conditions they live with. In previous versions of the NHS, epilepsy was included in the prompt cards. In the most recent survey, fewer people living with epilepsy may have reported living with the condition because they were not prompted to.
For more information see the National Health Survey methodology, 2022.
Socioeconomic and remoteness areas
Based on self-reported data from the NHS 2017–18 (ABS 2024), the proportions of people living with epilepsy were:
- were similar across different socioeconomic areas (0.7% for those in the lowest and second lowest socioeconomic areas were living with epilepsy, 0.5% for those in the middle socioeconomic areas, and 0.6% for those in the highest and second highest socioeconomic areas) – comparisons between different socioeconomic areas should be made with caution due to high margin of errors around the estimates
- 0.5% for those living in Major cities, 0.9% for those living in Inner regional areas and 0.7% for those living Outer regional and remote areas – comparisons between different remoteness areas should be made with caution due to high margin of errors around the estimates.
Data tables on socioeconomic and remoteness figures are available for download under the Data section of this article.
Trends over time
The current prevalence estimates are similar to previous estimates based on self-reported data. Previous NHSs that are considered comparable to the NHS 2017–18 estimated the prevalence of epilepsy for all Australians to be between 0.6% and 0.7% (ABS 2002, 2006a, 2009, 2012, 2015).
The NHS collects information on long-term health conditions, which is defined as a medical condition (illness, injury or disability) which was current at the time of interview and had lasted, or was expected to last, 6 months or more. The estimates for epilepsy from the NHS may therefore underestimate the true prevalence because there may be Australians living with epilepsy but for whom the symptoms have manifested over shorter periods, who may therefore not consider it a long-term condition to report in the survey.
Hospitalisations
Based on the National Hospital Morbidity Database (NHMD), in 2023–24:
- there were 25,200 hospitalisations (94 per 100,000 population, crude and age-standardised rates were the same) with epilepsy recorded as the principal diagnosis, representing 6.9% of hospitalisations with a neurological condition as the principal diagnosis
- there were a further 12,300 (46 per 100,000 population, or 43 per 100,000 population, age-standardised) hospitalisations with epilepsy recorded as an additional diagnosis
- the rate of hospitalisation due to epilepsy (principal diagnosis) was almost 1.3 times as high among males as among females (105 and 83 per 100,000 population, respectively) – age-standardised rates were much the same (104 and 84 per 100,000 population for males and females, respectively)
- the median age of people hospitalised due to epilepsy was 36 years
- the average length of hospital stay due to epilepsy was 3.3 days.
Socioeconomic and remoteness areas
In 2023–24, age-standardised hospitalisations rates due to epilepsy:
- were 2 times as high for people living in the lowest socioeconomic areas as for people living in the highest socioeconomic areas
- were 2.1 times as high among people living in Remote and very remote areas compared with people living in Major cities (180 and 84 hospitalisations per 100,000 population, respectively).
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The age-standardised rate of hospitalisations (per 100,000 population) for epilepsy was higher for lower socioeconomic areas (the chart shows the lowest, middle and highest socioeconomic areas).
Data tables on socioeconomic and remoteness figures are available for download under the Data section of this article.
Trends over time
Between 2013–14 and 2023–24, the crude rate of epilepsy hospitalisations (principal diagnosis) increased from 75 to 94 hospitalisations per 100,000 population. After adjusting for different population age structures over time, the change remained, reflecting a 24% increase from 76 to 94 hospitalisations per 100,000 population.
This section explores procedures performed in hospital. Information on procedures in the National Hospital Morbidity Database (NHMD) is reported using the Australian Classification of Health Interventions (ACHI) which classifies surgical operations, procedures and other types of interventions performed for the purpose of investigating and/or remedying health state.
In 2023–24, there were 38,600 procedures for hospitalisations with a principal diagnosis of epilepsy, equating to around 1.5 procedures per hospitalisation. Almost two thirds of the procedures for epilepsy hospitalisations were generalised allied health interventions, 6.2% were cerebral anaesthesia (which is a treatment for severe seizures), 4.1% were assessment of personal care and other activities of independence and 3.8% were electroencephalography.
For more information on surgeries and intervention types, see Surgery and other interventions.
In July 2015, a list of 29 supplementary codes for chronic conditions (U78–U88) were incorporated in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) 9th edition.
These codes represent a distinct list of clinically significant chronic conditions, which are part of the patient’s current health status on admission but do not meet the criteria for inclusion as a principal and/or additional diagnosis in that episode of care.
In 2023–24:
- there were 90,000 supplementary epilepsy chronic condition code (U80.3) recorded (335 per 100,000 population, or 300 per 100,000 population, age-standardised)
- the rate of supplementary chronic condition codes indicating epilepsy were slightly higher among females compared with males (340 and 325 per 100,000 population, respectively, or 305 and 295 per 100,000 population, age-standardised, respectively).
For more information, see Supplementary codes for chronic conditions.
Emergency department presentations
Based on the National Non-admitted Patient Emergency Department Care Database (NAPEDC), in 2023–24:
- there were 29,200 emergency department (ED) presentations due to epilepsy (110 presentations per 100,000 population, crude and age-standardised rates were the same), accounting for more than 1 in 5 (22%) ED presentations due to neurological conditions
- the rate of ED presentations due to epilepsy was 1.2 times as high among males as among females (120 and 97 per 100,000 population, respectively) – age-standardisation did not change the results by much (120 and 100 presentations per 100,000 for males and females, respectively)
- around half (48%, 14,100 presentations) of ED presentations due to epilepsy were subsequently admitted to hospital.
Socioeconomic and remoteness areas
In 2023–24, the age-standardised rate of ED presentations due to epilepsy:
- was 2.3 times as high among people living in the lowest socioeconomic areas compared with people living in the highest socioeconomic areas (160 and 69 presentations per 100,000 population, respectively)
- was 1.6 times as high for people living in Remote and very remote areas as for people living in Major cities (160 and 99 per 100,000 population, respectively).
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The age-standardised rate of ED presentations (per 100,000 population) for epilepsy was higher for lower socioeconomic areas (the chart shows the lowest, middle and highest socioeconomic areas).
Data tables on socioeconomic and remoteness figures are available for download under the Data section of this article.
Trends over time
Trends over time for epilepsy ED presentations are not reported here. This is because current ED data on epilepsy are not comparable to past data.
The ICD-10 short list used in ED data has 4 diagnosis codes for different types of epilepsy (see the National Non-admitted Patient Emergency Department Care Database in the Data sources section of the Neurological conditions in Australia report). However, these 4 codes were not consistently used when the ICD-10 short list was first introduced in 2018–19 (that is, many other ICD-10 codes not on the short list were used). In contrast, in 2023–24 the correct ICD-10 short list codes for epilepsy were consistently used.
Therefore, data on ED presentations for epilepsy in past years are not comparable to current data.
Health-system costs
Note on comparing previous health expenditure reports
The scope of expenditure and methods used in the most recent 2023–24 disease expenditure study (AIHW 2025) are similar to those used in the 2022–23 report however there are changes that have been made that make comparison of data between the 2023–24 report and the 2022–23 report to be done with caution. For more information see the methodology of the Health system spending on disease and injury in Australia 2023–24 report (AIHW 2025).
In 2023–24:
- an estimated $760.2 million of health-system expenditure was attributed to epilepsy, representing 12% of all neurological condition expenditure
- males accounted for slightly more than half (54%) of the health-system expenditure attributed to epilepsy
- around two-thirds ($514.4 million) of health-system expenditure on epilepsy was for public hospital services of which $306.7 million (40% of total spending on epilepsy) was for public hospital admitted patient services, $132.1 million (17%) for public hospital emergency department services and $75.7 million (10%) for public hospital outpatient services
- 16% ($122.6 million) were for prescribed medications from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).
For more information, see the Health system spending on disease and injury in Australia 2023–24 report (AIHW 2025).
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68%
of health-system expenditure attributed to epilepsy was for public hospital services.
Socioeconomic and remoteness areas
The Health system spending on disease and injury in Australia 2023–24 report (AIHW 2025) did not include statistics disaggregated by socioeconomic areas.
The rate of health-system costs for epilepsy increased with increasing remoteness. People living in Major cities had the lowest rate ($2.5 million per 100,000 population), followed by people living in Inner regional areas ($2.89 million per 100,000 population), Outer regional areas ($2.92 per 100,000 population), Remote areas ($3.5 million per 100,000 population) and Very remote areas had the highest rate ($4.3 million per 100,000 population).
Trends over time
After adjusting for inflation (reported in constant prices), health-system expenditure attributed to epilepsy was 1.5 times as high in 2023–24 as in 2013–14 ($760.2 million and $492.2 million, respectively), and males have consistently accounted for slightly more than half (around 54%) of the health-system expenditure attributed to epilepsy.
Burden of disease
Burden of disease is measured using the metric of disability-adjusted life years (DALY, also referred to as total burden). One DALY is one year of healthy life lost due to disease or injury.
DALY caused by living with disease or injury are referred to as non-fatal burden and measured in years lived with disability (YLD). DALY caused by premature death are referred to as fatal burden and measured in years of life lost (YLL).
In 2024:
- epilepsy was estimated to be responsible for 46,000 DALY, equivalent to 1.7 DALY per 1,000 population (crude and age-standardised) and 0.8% of the total burden in Australia
- epilepsy was the 3rd (single) leading cause of total burden out of the neurological conditions reported in the Australian Burden of Disease Study (ABDS) (AIHW 2024),
- the rate of total disease burden due to epilepsy was slightly higher among males than females (1.8 and 1.6 DALY per 1,000, respectively), with males accounting for more than half (53%) of the total burden attributed to epilepsy – age-standardisation slightly increased the sex difference (1.9 and 1.6 DALY per 1,000 for males and females, respectively)
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Males had a higher age-standardised DALY rate (per 1,000 people) compared with females.
- over three quarters (78%) of the total disease burden attributed to epilepsy was non-fatal (YLD), accounting for 1.2% of the total non-fatal burden in Australia, and the remaining 22% was fatal burden (YLL)
- of all diseases/conditions, epilepsy was the 3rd (single) leading cause of disease burden among children aged 1–4 years, and the 5th leading cause among those aged 5–9 years.
For more information, see Australian Burden of Disease Study (ABDS) 2024 (AIHW 2024).
Socioeconomic and remoteness areas
The most recent burden of disease statistics disaggregated by socioeconomic and remoteness areas, at the time of writing this report, are from the ABDS 2018 (AIHW 2021).
In 2018 the age-standardised rate of total disease burden attributed to epilepsy was:
- highest for people living in the 2 lowest socioeconomic areas (2.3 DALY per 1,000 population), compared with people living in the 3 higher socioeconomic quintiles (each with 1.5 DALY per 1,000 population)
- highest for people living in Inner regional areas (2.6 DALY per 1,000 population), followed by people living in Outer regional areas (2.2 DALY per 1,000 population), Remote and very remote areas (1.8 DALY per 1,000 population) and then people living in Major cities (1.6 DALY per 1,000 population).
Trends over time
Between 2003 and 2024, the crude DALY rate of epilepsy decreased from 2.1 to 1.7 DALY per 1,000 population. The age-standardised DALY rates remained the same, though there was an 18.4% decrease in total disease burden attributed to epilepsy (AIHW 2024).
NDIS and aged care
As of 31 March 2025, there were 16,300 registered National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) plans for people with epilepsy listed as either the primary or secondary condition, of which 800 plans had epilepsy listed as the primary condition affecting care (NDIS 2025).
These numbers represent people who are eligible for NDIS funding based on evidence required by the National Disability Insurance Agency, they should not be used as an indication of prevalence.
Based on Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) assessments, between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2022:
- there were 4,400 people in permanent residential care with epilepsy listed as a condition affecting care, with a median age of 79 years
- 54% of these were women and 46% were men, with median ages of 81 and 77 years, respectively.
In October 2022, the Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) was replaced with the Australian National Aged Care Classification (AN-ACC) funding model, which does not capture health condition information. Therefore, the most recent data for this section are from 2021–22, with no further updates. For more information, see the National Aged Care Data Clearinghouse tab in the Data sources section of the Neurological conditions in Australia report.
Mortality
Based on the National Mortality Database (NMD), in 2023:
- epilepsy was recorded as the underlying cause for 322 deaths (1.2 deaths per 100,000 population, or 1.1 deaths per 100,000 population, age-standardised) and an associated cause for 1,125 deaths (4.2 deaths per 100,000 population, or 3.5 deaths per 100,000 population, age-standardised)
- epilepsy was the underlying cause of 0.2% of all deaths
- males had a mortality rate (1.3 deaths per 100,000 population) with epilepsy as the underlying cause that was 1.2 times as high as for females (1.1 deaths per 100,000 population) – the sex difference remained after age-standardisation (1.2 per 100,000 males and 0.9 per 100,000 females).
Socioeconomic and remoteness areas
In 2023, the age-standardised mortality rate with epilepsy as the underlying cause:
- was highest for people living in the lowest socioeconomic areas (1.3 deaths per 100,000 population), and lowest for people living in the highest socioeconomic areas (0.8 deaths per 100,000 population)
- for people living in Major cities, Inner regional areas and Outer regional areas was 1.1, 1.0 and 1.2 deaths per 100,000 population, respectively (there were too few deaths due to epilepsy for people living in Remote and very remote areas to calculate an age-standardised rate).
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The age-standardised mortality rate (per 100,000 population) for epilepsy as the underlying cause was higher for lower socioeconomic areas (the chart shows the lowest, middle and highest socioeconomic areas).
Data tables on socioeconomic and remoteness figures are available for download under the Data section of this article.
Trends over time
From 2013 to 2023, the rate of deaths with epilepsy as the underlying cause changed little, going from 1.1 deaths per 100,000 population to 1.2 deaths per 100,000 population – the age-standardised rate remained stable at 1.1 deaths per 100,000 population.
First Nations people
How common is epilepsy among First Nations people?
Based self-reported data from the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (NATSIHS) 2018–19 (ABS 2019):
- about 9,000 (1.1%) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (First Nations) people were living with epilepsy (note that this may be an underestimate – see limitations dropdown box further below for an explanation)
- the percent of people living with epilepsy was similar amongst First Nations males (1.2%) and females (0.9%) – comparisons between First Nations males and females should be made with caution due to high margin of errors around the estimates.
The current prevalence estimate for epilepsy among First Nations people is similar to estimates from previous NHSs and NATSIHs that reported prevalence for First Nations people, which ranged between 1% and 1.2% (ABS 2006b, 2013).
Why NATSIHS 2022–23 was not used for estimating epilepsy prevalence
The most recent NATSIHS (2022–23) had a prevalence estimate (0.6%) for epilepsy that was much lower than all previous versions of the same survey. This may reflect a change in survey methodology rather than a true decline in prevalence, because epilepsy was removed from the prompt cards for the NATSIHS 2022–23. The prompt cards include a list of selected long-term health conditions that people may use as a guide for reporting the health conditions they live with. In previous versions of the NATSIHS, epilepsy was included in the prompt cards. In the most recent survey, fewer people living with epilepsy may have reported living with the condition because they were not prompted to. Moreover, the 95% confidence interval around the estimate from the NATSIHS 2022–23 was high and suggests that there may be no difference in the true rate of epilepsy between the 2018–19 2022–23 populations.
For more information see the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey methodology.
The NATSIHS collects information on long-term health conditions, which is defined as a medical condition (illness, injury or disability) which was current at the time of interview and had lasted, or was expected to last, 6 months or more. The estimates for epilepsy from the NATSIHS may therefore underestimate the true prevalence because there may be First Nations people living with epilepsy but for whom the symptoms have manifested over shorter periods, who may therefore not consider it a long-term condition to report in the survey.
Due to the high margins of error, breakdowns of epilepsy prevalence by age-groups could not be reported for First Nations people.
Hospitalisations
For First Nations people, based on the National Hospital Morbidity Database (NHMD), in 2023–24:
- there were 3,000 hospitalisations due to epilepsy, equivalent to a crude rate of 285 hospitalisations per 100,000 population
- males accounted for 59% of hospitalisations due to epilepsy, equivalent to 335 per 100,000 males compared with 235 per 100,000 females.
Emergency department presentations
For First Nations people, based on the National Non-admitted Patient Emergency Department Care Database (NAPEDC), in 2023–24:
- there were 3,400 ED presentations due to epilepsy (330 presentations per 100,000 population), accounting for more than 1 in 3 (35%) ED presentations due to neurological conditions
- the rate of ED presentations due to epilepsy was 1.2 times as high among First Nations males compared with First Nations females (365 and 295 presentations per 100,000, respectively).
Health-system costs
The Health system spending on disease and injury in Australia 2023–24 report (AIHW 2025) did not include statistics for First Nations people. AIHW is working to expand the scope of the Health system spending on disease and injury in Australia report in future updates to include spending on First Nations people.
Burden of disease
Burden of disease is measured using the metric of disability-adjusted life years (DALY, also referred to as total burden). One DALY is one year of healthy life lost due to disease or injury.
DALY caused by living in with disease or injury are referred to as non-fatal burden and measured in years lived with disability (YLD). DALY caused by premature death are referred to as fatal burden and measured in years of life lost (YLL).
The most recent burden of disease statistics for First Nations people, at the time of writing this report, are from the ABDS 2018 (AIHW 2022).
In 2018:
- epilepsy was responsible for 3,100 DALY, equivalent to a rate of 4.4 DALY per 1,000 population (age-standardised), making it the 2nd leading cause of total burden out of all neurological conditions for First Nations people
- males accounted for more than half (58%) of DALY attributed to epilepsy among First Nations people.
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First Nations males had a higher age-standardised DALY rate (per 1,000 people) compared with females.
Mortality
For First Nations people, based on the National Mortality Database (NMD), in 2023:
- epilepsy was recorded as the underlying cause for 17 deaths of First Nations people (1.7 per 100,000 population) and an associated cause for 51 deaths (5.0 deaths per 100,000 population)
- epilepsy (17 deaths) was the underlying cause of 0.3% of all First Nations deaths (5,256 deaths) and 11% of First Nations deaths due to neurological conditions (underlying cause) (161 deaths)
- males had a mortality rate (2.3 per 100,000 population) with epilepsy as the underlying cause that was more than twice as high as for females (1.0 per 100,000 population).
More information and representative organisations
Healthdirect Australia is an Australian government-funded service which provides health information and advice. Australians can get advice via an online symptom checker and find nearby health services. The epilepsy webpage by Healthdirect Australia provides an overview of epilepsy, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, along with guidance on managing seizures.
Epilepsy Foundation supports the search for a cure and strives to reduce the impact of epilepsy on the lives of Australians by providing education, training and information to the community.
Epilepsy Australia is a partnership of 5 state and territory epilepsy organisations across Australia, facilitating access to local organisations in Qld, NSW, ACT, Vic and Tas.
Epilepsy Action Australia focuses on equipping individuals affected by epilepsy with effective self-management skills, knowledge, and access to support for caregivers and service providers.
Data sources
For details about the data sources used in this article, including the condition codes used to extract information about epilepsy from each source (for example, mortality, hospitalisations et cetera), see Data sources in the Neurological conditions in Australia report.
Prevalence estimates for epilepsy are from the NHS 2017–18 and NATSIHS 2018–19 published tables on the Australian Bureau of Statistics website as in the citations and reference list. These estimates are based on people who (i) said that they had been told by a doctor that they have the condition and it is current, or (ii) said that they have the condition and it is current but had not been told by the doctor.
Notes
The Neurological conditions in Australia 2025 project was undertaken by members of the Chronic Conditions Unit of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
The AIHW acknowledges the ongoing contributions and consultation provided by the Department of Health, Disability and Ageing and the Neurological Conditions Expert Advisory Group. A special thanks is extended to Dr Emma Foster for her expert advice on epilepsy. For further information on contributions to the project, see Notes in the Neurological conditions in Australia report.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2002) National Health Survey: Summary of Results, 2001, ABS website, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2006a) National Health Survey: Summary of Results, ABS, Australian Government, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2006b) National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, ABS, Australian Government, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2009) Table 3: Long-term conditions [data set], National Health Survey: Summary of Results, 2007-2008 (Reissue), ABS website, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2012) Table 3: Long-term conditions by age then sex – Australia [data set], Australian Health Survey: First Results, 2011-12, ABS website, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2013) Table 5 Long-term conditions by sex by Indigenous status, 2012–13 – Australia [data set], Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: First Results, Australia, 2012-13, ABS website, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2015) Table 3: Long-term health conditions - Australia [data set], National Health Survey: First Results, 2014-15, ABS website, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2018) Table 3: Long-term health conditions - Australia [data set], National Health Survey: First results, 2017-18 financial year, ABS website, accessed 5 May 2025.
ABS (2024) Microdata: National Health Survey, 2017–18, AIHW analysis of detailed microdata, accessed August 2025.
ABS (2019) Detailed long-term health conditions and psychological distress [data set], National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, 2018-19 financial year, ABS website, accessed 5 May 2025.
AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2021) Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: Interactive data on disease burden, AIHW website, accessed 11 September 2025.
AIHW (2022) Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: Interactive data on disease burden among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, AIHW website, accessed 5 May 2025.
AIHW (2024a) Australian Burden of Disease Study 2024, AIHW website, accessed 5 May 2025.
AIHW (2025) Health system spending on disease and injury in Australia 2023–24, AIHW website, accessed 29 October 2025.
Epilepsy Action Australia (2023) Epilepsy: The Facts, Epilepsy Action Australia website, accessed 18 Nov 2024.
National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) (2025) Participants by diagnosis: Participants count by diagnosis data [data set], Participant datasets, NDIS website, accessed 21 May 2025.
WHO (World Health Organisation) (2019) Epilepsy: a public health imperative, Geneva: WHO, accessed 21 May 2025.