This report describes the prevalence and trends of neural tube defects (NTD) in Australia during the past decade. The best estimated prevalence of NTD among pregnancies is presented based on the information from states that collect near complete data on NTD. Characteristics and outcomes of the births and pregnancy characteristics of mothers are presented for the period 199-2008. The purpose of compiling this national report is to provide baseline prevalence of NTD, before implementation of mandatory folic acid fortification of bread flour in September 2009.