Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2022) Palliative care services in Australia, AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 22 March 2023.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2022). Palliative care services in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/palliative-care-services/palliative-care-services-in-australia
Palliative care services in Australia. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 28 October 2022, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/palliative-care-services/palliative-care-services-in-australia
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Palliative care services in Australia [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2022 [cited 2023 Mar. 22]. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/palliative-care-services/palliative-care-services-in-australia
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2022, Palliative care services in Australia, viewed 22 March 2023, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/palliative-care-services/palliative-care-services-in-australia
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In 2021, 58,700 patients received palliative care from the 177 palliative care services voluntarily participating in the Australian Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC) program. This section provides information on the characteristics and outcomes for patients receiving palliative care from the palliative care services participating in PCOC over the period 2017 to 2021.
Note, as participation in PCOC is voluntary, not all services participate in PCOC. The data presented in this section therefore describe a subset of all palliative care delivered in Australia. Further information about PCOC is described below and in the Data sources section.
The information in this section was last updated in October 2022.
The Australian Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC), established in 2005, is a national palliative care outcomes quality improvement program. The program uses standardised validated clinical assessment tools to benchmark and measure outcomes in palliative care, including pain and symptom control, and timely access to services when they are needed to drive quality improvements (see the Data Sources section for further details).
For the palliative care outcomes collection, data are captured at three levels – the patient-level, episode-level, and phase-level.
Information provided in this section is categorised into 2 broad settings of care –
Participation in PCOC is voluntary and contribution to the collection is sought from all palliative care service providers in public and private health sectors, across all regions, and across inpatient and community settings. However, not all services participate in PCOC. The data presented in this section therefore describes a subset of all palliative care delivered in Australia.
The PCOC data are provided by each participating palliative care service, using a standardised data submission process (a Data Dictionary and Technical Guideline is made to assist with this process). This process also involves standardised data quality checks and assurance procedures, which are completed by clinical, quality improvement and data experts. Further, a data quality statement, as informed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics Data Quality Framework, is also available. For further information about PCOC, refer to the Australian Health Services Research Institute's PCOC information page.
In 2021, among patients who received palliative care reported to PCOC:
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Latest data tables
In 2021, 58,700 patients received palliative care from the 177 palliative care services participating in PCOC. There were slightly more men (52%) than women (48%) and 2 in 3 patients had a diagnosis of cancer (66% of all palliative care patients). For further details on the characteristics of these patients, see Tables PCOC.2–4.
A palliative care episode is a period of contact between a patient and a service provider where palliative care is provided in a single setting (inpatient or community setting). A palliative care episode starts on the date a comprehensive palliative care assessment is undertaken and documented. An episode ends or is closed when the following occurs:
A patient may have multiple palliative care episodes over the reference period if a patient’s care needs change, they no longer require palliative care, or they change settings. For example, if a patient receives care at home and then transitions to care in a hospital, this would be reflected as 2 separate episodes.
In 2021, there were 77,500 palliative care episodes reported to PCOC, equating to an average of 1.3 palliative care episodes per patient. Among these palliative care episodes:
There were 73,400 episodes that ended (closed episodes) in 2021. Among these closed episodes:
A palliative care phase in PCOC identifies a clinically meaningful period in a patient’s condition, their functional ability, symptoms (including physical and psychological) and family/carer distress, using five brief clinical assessment tools. It is determined by a holistic clinical assessment which considers the needs of the patients, and their family and carers.
There are four types of palliative care phases included in PCOC:
It should be noted that palliative care phases are not necessarily sequential. A patient may transition back and forth between phases; therefore, it is likely that a patient will have more than one phase within an episode.
In 2021, there were 175,200 palliative care phases recorded in PCOC, with just over half (52%) occurring in community settings (90,500 compared with 84,700 in inpatient settings). On average, patients had 2.4 phases per closed episode (2.2 in inpatient settings compared to 2.6 in community settings) and 3.0 phases per patient (Table PCOC.1). Among these palliative care phases:
Figure PCOC.1: Overview of episodes of care and phases reported to PCOC, 2021
Figure 1.1: The interactive data visualisation shows the proportion of referral source by care setting in 2021. Public hospitals accounted for the largest number of referrals across both inpatient and community settings. The second largest number of referrals for inpatient settings was community palliative care services, and for community settings was general practitioners.
Figure 1.2: The interactive data visualisation shows the number and percentage of elapsed days of closed episodes by inpatient and community care setting. For inpatient care setting, the highest number of episodes were closed in 1-2 days, while for community care settings, the highest number were closed after 90 days.
Figure 1.3: The interactive visualisation shows the number and percentage of phases, per phase type by inpatient and community care setting. Inpatient and community settings had a similar proportion of phases in each phase type. The largest number of phases occurred in the deteriorating phase, while the least number of phases occurred in the unstable phase.
Key measures of quality care are the outcomes that patients, their families and carers achieve. PCOC is a national program that aims to systematically improve patient and carer outcomes, using standardised validated clinical assessment tools to benchmark and measure outcomes.
In 2009, PCOC and its participating services developed and implemented a set of national outcome measures and associated benchmarks. The PCOC benchmarks are aspirational and reflect good practice (e.g., as achieved by the top 20% of services). The purpose of benchmarking is to drive palliative care service innovation and provide participating services with the opportunity to compare their service to other services from across the country. The PCOC outcome measures cover:
A full description of each of the PCOC outcome measures and benchmarks reported here is included in the Data Sources section. Table PCOC.8 also presents each benchmark, along with the proportion of palliative care episodes/phases meeting the outcome for each benchmark by care setting; also see Figures PCOC.2 and 4. PCOC also reports on 8 case mix-adjusted outcome measures that are not reported here (see PCOC 2021a and PCOC 2021b for further details).
In 2021, among the 77,500 palliative care episodes and 175,200 palliative care phases recorded in PCOC:
Figure 2.1 and 2.2: The interactive visualisation shows the outcomes of the PCOC benchmarks by care setting. The benchmarks have been grouped in four categories including time from date ready for care to episode start (benchmark 1), time in unstable phase (benchmark 2), absent or mild symptoms/problems (benchmarks 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, and 3.9), and moderate or severe symptoms/problems (benchmarks 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8 and 3.10).
Between 2017 and 2021, the number of services participating in PCOC increased each year, from 130 to 177 services or a 36% increase over this period. The rate of increase was steepest between 2018 and 2020 (11% increase from 2018 to 2019 and 15% increase from 2019 to 2020), and then slowed considerably between 2020 and 2021 (4% increase in services; Figure PCOC.3).
This pattern was also observed for palliative care episodes over the same period – episodes increased by 12–13% between 2018 and 2020 and slowed to a 7.1% increase in the following 12 months to 2021. However, this trend differed somewhat by care setting. For inpatient palliative care episodes, the increase was moderate from 2019 to 2020 (6.4%), but then increased more sharply (12%) in the following 12 months to 2021, which was similar to the increase from 2018 to 2019 (14%). In contrast, for community-based episodes, the increase was steepest (19%) between 2019 and 2020 and then considerably flat (2.2%) in the following 12 months to 2021. Interestingly, the number of patients steadily increased over this period – 12–13% increase between 2018 and 2020, slowing slightly to 10% increase between 2020 and 2021 (Figure PCOC.3).
These patterns of moderate increases of services and episodes reported to PCOC between 2020 and 2021 and the steeper increase in community than inpatient episodes during 2019 and 2020 may reflect the stricter public health restrictions and lockdowns in certain regions at these times to contain the spread of COVID-19.
Figure 3.1: This line graph shows the trend of number of participating services in PCOC from 2017 to 2021 by care setting. The number of services increased every year in this period, however the rate of increase began to slow between 2020 and 2021.
Figure 3.2: This line graph shows the trend of number of patients reported to PCOC from 2017 to 2021 by care setting. The number of patients increased steadily every year in this period.
Figure 3.3: This line graph shows the trend of number of episodes reported to PCOC from 2017 to 2021 by care setting. The number of episodes increased every year in this period, however the rate of increase began to slow between 2020 and 2021.
Figure 3.4: This line graph shows the trend of number closed episodes reported to PCOC from 2017 to 2021 by care setting. The number of closed episodes increased every year in this period, however the rate of increase began to slow between 2020 and 2021.
Figure 3.5: This line graph shows the trend of number of phases reported to PCOC from 2017 to 2021 by care setting. The number of phases increased every year in this period, however the rate of increase began to slow between 2020 and 2021.
Of particular interest is whether there have been changes in recent years in the proportion of patients achieving a positive outcome, particularly given the disruptions to service delivery due to the pandemic. Since 2019, most outcome measures have remained relatively similar or improved (Figure PCOC.4). However, there have been some measures where more notable movements have been observed between 2019 and 2021:
The restrictions and subsequent pressures on the health care system due to COVID-19 may have impacted on how people were accessing and receiving palliative care services, and their outcomes during this period. However, more data over a longer time, including patients experiencing COVID-19 who received palliative care, are needed to provide insights on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on palliative care service activity and outcomes.
Figure 4: This interactive visualisation shows the trend of benchmark outcomes between 2017 and 2021, by care setting.
Masso M, Allingham SF, Banfield M, Johnson CE, Pidgeon T, Yates P et al (2015) Palliative Care Phase: inter-rater reliability and acceptability in a national study, Palliative Medicine 29(1): 22–30.
PCOC (Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration) (2021a) Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration Clinical Manual, Wollongong: University of Wollongong, accessed 24 July 2021.
PCOC (2021b) PCOC Research and Data, Wollongong: University of Wollongong, accessed 9 July 2021.
The Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC) is a national program using standardised validated clinical assessment tools to measure and benchmark patient outcomes in palliative care.
Participation in the PCOC is voluntary and open to all palliative care service providers across Australia. Representation is sought from public and private health sectors, rural and metropolitan areas, and inpatient and community settings. PCOC aims to assist services to improve the quality of the palliative care they provide through the analysis and benchmarking of patient outcomes. The PCOC model is embedded into routine clinical practice. As such, the standardised clinical assessment tools are used as part of routine practice with each consecutively admitted patient.
The PCOC palliative care outcomes collection dataset (PCOC 2021) includes data on patient demographics, clinical setting information, and patient outcomes from the following clinical assessment tools (Daveson et al. 2021; PCOC 2021b):
Data using Version 1 of the PCOC dataset were collected between January 2006 and January 2007. Version 2 of the dataset was enacted from July 2007, and Version 3 was implemented in July 2012 (PCOC 2012). More information about this dataset can be found in the PCOC Version 3.0 Data Dictionary and Technical Guidelines 1.2.0.
The national figures used in this report reflect all palliative care services that submitted data for the January–December 2021 period. A full list of the services that contributed data to this report can be found on the Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration website.
In 2009, PCOC and participating services, developed and implemented a set of national outcome measures and associated benchmarks to drive service innovation and allow participating services to compare their service nationally. The most recent update was released in 2015, which included the addition of 6 measures to Benchmark 3 relating to fatigue, breathing problems and family/carer problems. More information can be found on the PCOC Research and data webpage (PCOC 2021).
Further detail on the definition and measurement of each outcome measure and associated benchmark are provided in the following.
Measures the time (in days) between the date the patient is ready to receive care and the actual start date of the episode of palliative care by the service. This is measured for all episodes of care and across all settings of care.
To meet Benchmark 1, 90% of episodes of care must commence on the day of, or the day following, the date ready for care.
This measure replaced ‘Time from referral to first contact for the episode’ in July 2013 in consultation with participating services.
Measures the number of days the patient spent in an unstable phase. An unstable phase alerts clinical staff to the need for urgent or emergency intervention requiring an associated change in the existing care plan. Once assigned, and with the new care plan in place, the clinical team monitor for improvements in the patient and/or family/carer condition. Improvement can be demonstrated through observation and clinical assessments (reducing symptom distress and problem severity scores). With signs of improvement, the new care plan demonstrates its effectiveness and thus, the patient/family/carer can be moved out of the unstable phase into another relevant phase. However, at any time a patient is identified as dying within days (clinical indicators), the phase is immediately changed to terminal phase.
For services to meet Benchmark 2, 90% of unstable phases must last for 3 days or less.
Symptoms and problems for Benchmark 3 include the items of pain severity, distress related to pain, distress caused by fatigue, distress caused by breathing problems, and family/carer problems.
Symptoms and problems are measured at the start and end of a phase, and although symptoms and problems can be measured throughout the phase, an outcome is defined as the change from the beginning and at the end of the phase. It follows that phase records must have valid start and end scores to be included.
Two of the five PCOC clinical assessment tools are used to measure these patient and family symptoms and problems: the patient-rated PCOC Symptom Assessment Scale (PCOC SAS) and the clinician-rated Palliative Care Problem Severity Score (PCPSS).
A positive outcome for a patient is to have the symptom/problem in the absent to mild range at the end of a phase (i.e., when the type of phase changes or the person is discharged from the service).
There are 2 benchmarks for each symptom/problem. The first benchmark is that at least 90% of phases that start with patients experiencing absent/mild symptoms (or problems) remain absent/mild at the end of the phase. This is reflective of anticipatory care. The second benchmark is that at least 60% of phases that start with patients experiencing moderate/severe symptoms (or problems) reduce to an absent/mild level by the end of the phase. This is reflective of responsive care.
Pain management is acknowledged as ‘core business’ of palliative care services; hence, measuring patient pain is considered to be a vitally important outcome for palliative care services. The PCPSS measures pain severity rated by the clinician, used in Benchmarks 3.1 and 3.2, and the PCOC SAS measures patient-rated distress from pain, used in Benchmarks 3.3 and 3.4.
Fatigue is the most common symptom in palliative care patients who have advanced cancer or other serious and/or life-threatening illnesses.The PCOC SAS is used for Benchmarks 3.5 and 3.6.
Breathing problems is a common symptom reported by patients receiving palliative care. The PCOC SAS is used to measure patient distress related to this symptom. This is used for Benchmarks 3.7 and 3.8.
The PCPSS family/carer domain measures problems associated with a patient’s condition or palliative care needs. The clinician reports on the severity of the problems of their family/carer. This is used for Benchmarks 3.9 and 3.10.
Daveson BA, Allingham SF, Clapham S, Johnson CE, Currow DC, Yates P, et al (2021) The PCOC Symptom Assessment Scale (SAS): A valid measure for daily use at point of care and in palliative care programs, PLoS ONE 16(3): e0247250.
Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC) (2012) PCOC Version 3.0 Dataset, Data Dictionary and Technical Guidelines. Document version 1.2.0, Wollongong: University of Wollongong, accessed 1 July 2021.
PCOC (2021) PCOC Research and Data, Wollongong: University of Wollongong, accessed 9 July 2021.
Anticipatory care
Anticipatory care is care that anticipates the needs of the patient and carer in order to avoid an increase in the problem or need. The PCOC anticipatory care benchmarks relate to patients who have absent or mild symptoms/problems at the start of a phase of palliative care. To meet this benchmark, 90% of these phases must end with absent or mild symptom/problem scores.
Benchmark
A predefined level of achievement. In PCOC, the outcomes of groups of palliative care patients (e.g., within a service/state /nationally) are aggregated and compared to this level. The PCOC benchmarks are aspirational and reflect good practice (top 20%). The PCOC benchmarks are the same regardless of sector (public/private), location or role.
Case-mix adjusted outcome measure
This measures the mean change in symptoms, after adjusting for both phase and the symptom score at the start of each phase. This measure allows comparison of change in symptom and problem scores for ‘like’ patients. A positive score indicates that a service is achieving above the baseline national average and a negative score indicates that it is below the baseline national average.
PCOC currently reports on 8 case-mix adjusted outcomes: Distress regarding pain, bowel problems, nausea, and breathing problems; and symptom severity regarding pain, other symptoms, psychological/spiritual problems, and family/carer problems.
Closed palliative care episode
A closed palliative care episode is one that includes an episode end date within the specified reporting period.
An episode ends or is closed when the following occurs: setting of palliative care changes (for example community to inpatient); principal clinical intent of the care changes and the patient is no longer receiving palliative care; the patient is formally separated from the service; or the patient dies.
Community episode
Episodes where the patient received specialist palliative care in a community setting, often deemed as the patient’s ‘home’. This may be in their private residence, an aged care, mental health, or disability residential facility or in a correctional facility.
Elapsed days
The number of days between the start and end of an episode. This does not include leave days. Within the community setting, elapsed days do not reflect the number of times the palliative care team visited the patient.
Inpatient episode
Inpatient episodes of care are those for which the intent of the admission was for the patient to be in a hospital or hospice overnight. This includes those patients who were admitted and died on the same day.
Median
The midpoint of a list of observations that have been ranked from the smallest to the largest.
Outcome measure
In PCOC, an outcome measure is both a measure used to assess change in response to an intervention (e.g., palliative care), and is also used to refer to a standardised assessment tool or methodology designed to measure clinical concepts.
The PCOC outcome measures cover: time from the date the patient is ready for palliative care to palliative care episode start date (timeliness of palliative care); time that the patient spent in an unstable phase (responsiveness to urgent needs); change in patient symptoms and problems (responsiveness and appropriateness of the care plan in place).
Palliative care episode
A palliative care episode is a period of contact between a patient and a service where palliative care is provided in a single setting (for example, inpatient setting). A palliative care episode starts on the date a comprehensive palliative care assessment is undertaken and documented.
An episode ends when one of the following occurs: setting of palliative care changes (for example community to inpatient); principal clinical intent of the care changes and the patient is no longer receiving palliative care; patient is formally separated from the service; or the patient dies.
Palliative care episodes, as used in this report, include both open episodes (those without an episode end date in the reporting period), and closed episodes (see ‘closed episodes’).
Palliative care patient
A person for whom a palliative care service accepts responsibility for assessment and/or treatment as evidenced by the existence of a medical record. Family and carers are included in this definition if interventions relating to them are recorded in the patient medical record.
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