The palliative care workforce is made up of a number of health professional groups including specialist palliative medicine physicians, nurses, general practitioners (GPs), pharmacists, other medical specialists (such as oncologists and geriatricians), as well as other health workers, support staff and volunteers.
Medical specialists must have completed post-graduate specialist training to become a palliative medicine physician. Palliative medicine specialists are required to have completed 3 years of full-time equivalent training in either a paediatric or adult setting under the supervision of a Palliative Care physician. Successful trainees gain the qualification of Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (FRACP)/Fellowship of the Australasian Chapter of Palliative Medicine (FAChPM) and are accredited to practise as a palliative medicine physician in Australia or New Zealand. Medical practitioners may also complete a 6 month Clinical Diploma in Palliative Medicine, but this qualification does not result in specialist accreditation (Royal Australian College of Physicians 2019). Nurses may complete a variety of short or more comprehensive courses (including postgraduate certificate and Masters qualifications) if they wish to work in the field of palliative care, and postgraduate qualifications are generally required for nurses working in specialist palliative care services (Centre for Palliative Care 2019).
The information presented in this section describes the number and characteristics of the workforce of specialist palliative medicine physicians and nurses working in palliative care (referred to as ‘palliative care nurses’).
Data downloads
Palliative care workforce tables 2017 (548KB XLS)
Palliative care workforce section 2017 (175KB PDF)
The information in this section was last updated in September 2019.
Key points
- 249 specialist palliative medicine physicians and 3,430 palliative care nurses were employed nationally in 2017 (1.0 and 12.0 full-time equivalent (FTE) per 100,000 population respectively).
- 1 in 140 employed medical specialists were palliative medicine physicians and around 1 in 90 employed nurses were palliative care nurses.
- 63.9% of employed specialist palliative medicine physicians were female, which is more than twice the proportion of all employed medical specialists (31.7%).
- 71.5% of employed specialist palliative medicine physicians worked in a hospital setting, compared with about half (53.3%) of employed palliative care nurses.
The information on specialist palliative medicine physicians and palliative care nurses presented in this section was derived from the National Health Workforce Data Set (NHWDS) for the period 2013 to 2017. Further details on the NHWDS are outlined in data sources.
Specialist palliative medicine physicians
There were 249 specialist palliative medicine physicians employed in Australia in 2017, 0.7% or about 1 in 140 of all employed medical specialists. In addition, there were 3 paediatric palliative care specialists in Australia in 2017. These paediatric specialists are not included in the numbers presented here.
There were 42 medical practitioners who undertook vocational training in palliative medicine in 2017 compared with 80 in 2013, a 47.5% decrease (DoH 2017).
In 2017, 63.9% of employed specialist palliative medicine physicians were female. This was more than double the proportion seen for all medical specialists (31.7%). The proportion of palliative medicine physicians aged over 55 was higher for males (47.8% of males) than females (26.4% of females).
Specialist palliative medicine physicians worked on average 38.1 total hours per week in 2017, which was less than the average weekly hours for all employed medical specialists (43.3 hours). Average clinical hours were 29.1 per week which was also less than for all employed specialists (36.0). Total hours worked were, on average, 35.3 for females and 43.2 hours for males. Average hours worked varied across jurisdictions, ranging from 35.7 hours per week for Tasmania to 43.3 hours per week in the Australian Capital Territory.
Nationally, there were 1.0 FTE (0.7 clinical FTE) specialist palliative medicine physicians per 100,000 population in 2017. The rate of FTE specialist palliative medicine physicians across states and territories ranged from 0.8 in Victoria to 1.7 in the Northern Territory (Figure WK.1).
More than 8 in 10 (85.3%) FTE specialist palliative medicine physicians worked mainly in Major cities during 2017. One in 14 (7.3%) worked in Inner regional areas and 6.1% worked in Outer regional areas. Taking into account differences in population sizes for each remoteness area, the FTE per 100,000 population for specialist palliative medicine physicians was highest in Major cities (1.1 FTE), followed by Outer regional areas (0.7 FTE).
There were 225 (90.4%) employed specialist palliative medicine physicians mainly working as clinicians. About 7 in 10 (71.5% or 178) were employed in a hospital setting, followed by 19 (7.6%) in other community health care services and 16 (6.4%) in outpatient services .