Mental health services activity monitoring quarterly data
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20% of Medicare-subsidised mental health‑specific services...
... processed in the March quarter 2023 were delivered by telehealth, down from the same quarter in 2022 (32%), and 2021 (22%).
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Over 11 million mental health-related prescriptions...
... listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) were dispensed in the March quarter 2023, 2% higher than the same quarter in 2022 and 6% higher than the same quarter in 2021.
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278,910 phone calls were made to Lifeline...
... during the March quarter 2023, 3% lower than the same quarter in 2022 and 1% higher than the same quarter in 2021.
This section brings together timely information from different parts of Australia’s mental health system to present an early picture of activity across the system and provide meaningful comparisons to historical data. The purpose of the mental health service activity monitoring reporting is to provide insights into how the mental health system is providing services and responding to changing population needs and events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, and policy changes. The services activity data presented in this report is reported at national and state and territory levels for the March quarter 2023. There are two main data source areas:
- Medicare-subsidised services, and mental health prescriptions, including both Medicare Benefits Scheme (MBS), and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)/Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) data. In this report PBS and RPBS will be reported in aggregate as PBS.
- Mental health crisis, support and information organisations including Lifeline, Kids Helpline, Beyond Blue, ReachOut and Head to Health data.
For further information on the data sources presented in this report please refer to the notes about interpreting the data.
This section replaces the Mental health impact of COVID-19 section, the previous section is still available in archived content.
Key events
Key events
This timeline covers key events within the last 4 years that have impacted mental health related service activity. It is not always possible to tease apart the effects of events that overlap each other or impact smaller regions and populations however several highlighted events can be seen directly in the data. For example, the introduction of mental health-related telehealth items on 13 March 2020 and the subsequent peak of use from 13–19 April 2020 are distinct in the national telehealth MBS data.
2019–2020 Bushfires
1 July 2019 to 4 March 2020
The 2019–20 bushfire season saw unprecedented fires sweep across eastern Australia with a massive impact on many communities, devastating the natural environment and compromising air quality. The destruction of property, displacement of communities and prolonged exposure to extreme conditions had an impact on mental health and increased use of mental health services both during and after the events (AIHW 2020).
National Lockdown
18 March 2020
The first case of COVID-19 (then known as novel coronavirus, nCoV-19) in Australia was reported on 25 January 2020 in Victoria with an additional 3 cases reported in NSW on the same day. Through February the Commonwealth and State and Territory governments announced a series of travel restrictions and advice as other countries experienced increasingly severe outbreaks of the virus. In March, governments announced a series of health and economic support packages together with a broad range of restrictions including mandatory mask wearing, restriction of movement and remote teaching and working were possible (PoA 2020a, PoA 2020b)
Introduction of COVID-19 mental health telehealth items
13 March 2020
During the pandemic, the Australian Government introduced additional services to the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) to support provision of health care via telehealth (telephone and videoconference). Telehealth was introduced as an alternative to face-to-face healthcare services to provide protection for both patients and healthcare providers. This was intended to reduce the risk of community transmission of COVID-19. These MBS items include mental health services provided by GPs, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other allied health workers. In December 2021, the Australian Government announced that telehealth will become a permanent feature of primary healthcare (DoH 2021b).
PBS mental health-related prescriptions peak
16 March 2020 to 22 March 2020
PBS mental health-related prescriptions experienced a weekly maximum of nearly 1,014,000 in the week beginning 16 March 2020, corresponding to the expansion of Continued Dispensing (Emergency Measures) and messaging around obtaining necessary medication (Services Australia 2021, DoH 2022). This represents a 19% increase in the number of mental health-related prescriptions dispensed in the four weeks to 29 March 2020 compared with the four weeks to 31 March 2019.
Lockdown in Victoria
2 August 2020 to 27 October 2020
Lockdown restrictions began in Melbourne and surrounding regional areas to reduce the number of COVID-19 cases following the start of Victoria’s second wave (Vic DHHS 2020a). Restrictions included curfews, a limit of how far from home a person could travel and on people gathering. On 27 October 2020, with no newly diagnosed cases in the state, the lockdown was eased (Vic DHHS 2020b).
Additional 10 mental health sessions
7 August 2020 to 31 December 2022
Services under the Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners through the MBS initiative (Better Access) are available to Australians with clinically diagnosed mental health disorders (DoH 2021a). In response to the pandemic, the Australian Government doubled the number of Medicare-subsidised psychological therapy sessions per year to 20, initially to 31 December 2021, then extended to 31 December 2022 (DoH 2021b). On 12 December 2022, the Australian Government announced the additional 10 sessions would not continue beyond 31 December 2022. (DHAC 2022b, DHAC 2022d).
Brief snap lockdowns Vic, Qld, WA
1 January 2021 to 1 April 2021
There were brief snap lockdowns in Victoria (Vic), Queensland (Qld), and Western Australia (WA) to contain COVID-19 spread. From 12 to 17 February 2021 a lockdown was introduced in Vic following a cluster of community acquired cases linked to hotel quarantine (Vic DHHS 2021a). From 8 to 11 January 2021 and 29 March to 1 April 2021, lockdowns were introduced in Greater Brisbane, Qld (Qld Health 2021a, Qld Gov 2021). And from 31 January to 5 February 2021, lockdowns were introduced in Perth, Peel and Southwest Regions of WA when a hotel quarantine guard tested positive to COVID-19 (WA Gov 2021).
Extensive lockdowns NSW, Vic, ACT
1 July 2021 to 17 October 2021
A series of extensive lockdowns and/or extended lockdowns occurred in New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (Vic), and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) from July to October of 2021. In August 2021, lockdowns were introduced across all regional NSW (NSW Health 2021c). In October 2021, lockdowns were eased, fully vaccinated stay-at-home orders were removed, venues were reopened and mask wearing outdoors was no longer required (NSW Premier 2021b, NSW Premier 2021c). In Vic a lockdown was introduced in July following interstate incursions of COVID-19 (Vic DHHS 2021b, Vic DHHS 2021c). A state-wide lockdown was introduced in August following new locally acquired cases (Vic DHHS 2021d). Several short-term lockdowns occurred through October in Greater Shepparton, Moorabool Shire, City of Latrobe and Mildura (Vic DHHS 2021e, Vic DHHS 2021f, Vic DHHS 2021g, Vic DHHS 2021h). On 17 October 2021 the lockdowns were lifted in restricted areas across Victoria (Vic DHHS 2021i).
Restrictions introduced due to Omicron variant
24 November 2021 to 16 January 2022
From December 2021 to January 2022 widespread restrictions were introduced due to outbreaks of the Omicron variant across the nation, including through the Christmas and New Year period. In January 2022 state-wide restrictions were reintroduced in New South Wales (NSW) (NSW Premier 2021a). The lifting of restrictions, together with the emergence of the Omicron variant of COVID-19 coincided with a significant increase in cases in NSW, from a low of 208 daily case numbers on 5 December 2021 to a peak of 45,098 on 7 January 2022 (NSW Health 2021a, NSW Health 2021b). In Victoria from the end of November 2021 evidence of vaccination was required across a wide range of industries, and mandatory indoor mask wearing was reintroduced in December 2021 (Vic Premier 2021, Vic DHHS 2021j). In Queensland mandatory mask wearing was required across the state from December 2021 (QLD Health2022). In Western Australia masks were required indoors from January 2022 in Perth and Peel regions due to the Omicron variant outbreak (WA Gov 2022a). This was extended to WA’s South West regions, Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions (WA Gov 2022b)
East coast flooding QLD, NSW and Vic
22 February 2022 to 30 November 2022
From February to April 2022 widespread flooding affected the east coast of Australia with Queensland and New South Wales heavily impacted. Victoria also experienced widespread flooding later in the year from 12 October 2022 onward. Commonwealth and state governments provided additional support for mental health services in affected regions, including support for local mental health services and additional support for the mental health of children and young people (BOM 2022, QRA 2022, DHAC 2022c, NSW Health 2022b, QLD Gov 2022b).
Vaccination rates began to meet state targets, restrictions eased
1 March 2022 to 9 September 2022
From February 2022 restrictions were progressively eased across Australia as vaccination rates began to meet state targets. In April New South Wales restrictions were eased as booster uptake passed 50% and hospitalisation and ICU rates decreased (NSW premier 2022). At the same time restrictions were eased in Victoria as two-thirds of Victorians aged 16 years and over had received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine (Vic DHHS 2022), in Queensland as 90% of Queenslanders aged 12 and over were fully vaccinated (QLD Gov 2022) and in Western Australia as the booster uptake reached over 80% (WA Gov 2022c). September 2022 also marked another major easing of restrictions as in most states and territories the self-isolation period was reduced from 7 to 5 days and mask wearing requirements were reduced (NSW Health 2022a, Vic Premier 2022, QLD Gov 2022a, WA Gov 2022d).

Medicare-subsidised services and mental health prescriptions
Medicare-subsidised services are provided by psychiatrists, general practitioners (GPs), psychologists and other allied health professionals. These services are provided in a range of settings – including hospitals, consulting rooms, home visits, telephone and videoconferencing – as defined in the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS). Information is limited to Medicare-subsidised services only and covers the last 4 years of data up to the end of the 2023 March quarter. For further information on the long term analysis of MBS data please refer to the Medicare-subsidised services section.
PBS mental health-related prescriptions
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) prescriptions reported in this section include medications classified as antidepressants (N06A); antipsychotics (N05A); anxiolytics (N05B); hypnotics and sedatives (N05C); and psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics (N06B). Data include PBS subsidised (above-co-payment) and under-co-payment prescriptions.
National
MBS
A total of 3,241,271 MBS mental health services were processed nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was less than 1% change, 6% lower and 5% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (3,614,951) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Telehealth
20% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 32%, 22% and 5% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (1,315,011) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (11,075,755) nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 2%, 6% and 6% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
New South Wales
MBS
A total of 993,074 MBS mental health services were processed in NSW during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 1% higher, 6% lower and 7% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (1,095,330) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2021 (Q2).
Telehealth
22% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in NSW during the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 36%, 19% and 5% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (515,512) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (3,142,029) in NSW during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 2%, 5% and 3% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
Victoria
MBS
A total of 930,927 MBS mental health services were processed in Vic during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 1%, 7% lower and 5% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (1,089,337) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
Telehealth
26% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in Vic during the March quarter 2022 (Q1). This compares with 39%, 37% and 4% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (634,651) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (2,789,323) in Vic during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 2%, 7% and 7% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
Queensland
MBS
A total of 681,345 MBS mental health services were processed in Qld during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 1% higher, 7% lower and 1% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (742,730) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Telehealth
16% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in Qld during the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 25%, 15% and 5% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (255,430) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (2,501,656) in Qld during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 2%, 6% and 8% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
Western Australia
MBS
A total of 313,929 MBS mental health services were processed in WA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 5% and 5% lower, and 10% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed from 2020 to date (348,511) was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Telehealth
11% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in WA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 15%, 11% and 3% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth from 2020 to date (87,182) was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (1,214,659) in WA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 3%, 10% and 10% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
South Australia
MBS
A total of 197,971 MBS mental health services were processed in SA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 1% higher, 5% lower and less than 1% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (221,177) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Telehealth
17% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in SA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 31%, 14% and 5% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (77,912) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (818,291) in SA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 1%, 3% and 3% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
Tasmania
MBS
A total of 59,701 MBS mental health services were processed in Tas during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 3% higher, 6% lower and less than 1% change than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (69,848) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
Telehealth
17% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in Tas during the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 26%, 15% and 7% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (30,973) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (323,317) in Tas during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 2%, 7% and 9% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
Australian Capital Territory
MBS
A total of 52,383 MBS mental health services were processed in the ACT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 3%, 3% and 25% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (57,305) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2022 (Q3).
Telehealth
12% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in the ACT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 30%, 14% and 3% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (19,893) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (186,628) in the ACT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 4%,11% and 14% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).
Northern Territory
MBS
A total of 11,775 MBS mental health services were processed in the NT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 4%, 3% and 22% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services processed (12,698) from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2021 (Q4).
Telehealth
23% of MBS mental health services were delivered via telehealth in the NT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1). This compares with 28%, 19% and 7% delivered via telehealth during the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of MBS services delivered via telehealth (3,222) from 2020 to date was observed in the March quarter 2022 (Q1).
PBS
The number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed (52,794) in NT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) was 4%, 10% and 3% higher than the same in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of PBS mental health-related prescriptions dispensed from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2022 (Q4).

Crisis support organisations, National
Crisis support organisations such as Lifeline, Kids Helpline and Beyond Blue are available to support Australians experiencing mental health issues. Activity for these organisations is reported in this section as contacts, representing service demand, and answered contacts, representing the total number of contacts answered by each organisation.
- Lifeline data are for phone calls.
- Kids Helpline data include phone, webchat and email contacts.
- Beyond Blue data include phone, webchat and email contacts. Data from July 2020 to December 2022 includes contacts and answered contacts for both the Beyond Blue main service and dedicated COVID-19 service.
Crisis support organisations, States and territories
Crisis support organisations such as Lifeline, Kids Helpline and Beyond Blue are available to support Australians experiencing mental health issues. In this section answered contacts data are disaggregated by state/territory, where state/territory information is available.
- Lifeline data are for phone calls.
- Kids Helpline data include phone, webchat and email contacts.
- Beyond Blue data include phone, webchat and email contacts. Data from July 2020 to December 2022 includes contacts and answered contacts for both the Beyond Blue main service and dedicated COVID-19 service.
Online mental health resources and support, National
For ReachOut and Head to Health, the average number of website users per day represents the average daily volume for website activity.
Online mental health resources and support, States and territories
ReachOut weekly website visits represents the total weekly volume for ReachOut website activity. ReachOut disaggregation by jurisdiction analyses website visits because user count is unavailable by jurisdiction.
National
Lifeline
A total of 278,910 contacts were made to Lifeline nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 3% lower, 1% and 9% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts made to Lifeline (297,155) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
A total of 216,967 contacts were answered by Lifeline nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 11% and 13% lower, and 1% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (268,750) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Kids Helpline
A total of 79,138 contacts were made to Kids Helpline nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1) this was 10%, 4% and 14% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts made to Kids Helpline (102,121) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
A total of 35,428 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 6%, 26% and 13% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (48,589) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Beyond Blue
A total of 86,229 contacts were made to Beyond Blue nationally in the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 13%, 16% and 29% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts made to Beyond Blue (87,871) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
A total of 54,401 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue nationally in March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 1%, 22% and 6% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (81,602) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
ReachOut
An average of 6,846 website users per day were reported in March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 2%, 19% and 27% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of average website users per day (10,866) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Head to Health
An average of 2,739 website users per day were reported in the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 10% higher, 20% lower and 13% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of average website users per day (4,708) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
New South Wales
Lifeline
A total of 68,749 contacts were answered by Lifeline in NSW during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 14%, 20% and 3% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (93,343) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Kids Helpline
A total of 8,053 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in NSW during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 14%, 37% and 32% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (13,821) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
Beyond Blue
A total of 9,771 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in NSW during March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 4% higher, 25% and 19% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (17,149) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 250,328 website visits in NSW during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 7%, 15% and 10% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website visits (360,914) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Victoria
Lifeline
A total of 62,800 contacts were answered by Lifeline in Vic during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 8% and 9% lower, and 2% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (78,588) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Kids Helpline
A total of 6,460 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in Vic during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 11%, 43% and 28% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (12,426) from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2020 (Q4).
Beyond Blue
A total of 10,000 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in Vic during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 10% higher, 29% and 9% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (20,753) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 148,681 website visits in Vic during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 6%, 20% and 21% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website visits (268,115) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Queensland
Lifeline
A total of 43,847 contacts were answered by Lifeline in Qld during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 3% lower, less than 1% change and 3% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (47,516) from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2021 (Q4).
Kids Helpline
A total of 5,663 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in Qld during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 1%, 23% and 21% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (7,766) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
Beyond Blue
A total of 5,408 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in Qld during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 6% higher, 27% and 14% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (7,824) from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2020 (Q4).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 106,674 website visits in Qld during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 8%, 22% and 23% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website visits (156,716) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Western Australia
Lifeline
A total of 15,454 contacts were answered by Lifeline in WA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 8% and 7% lower, and 15% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (20,002) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Kids Helpline
A total of 1,806 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in WA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 24%, 46% and 36% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (3,358) from 2020 to date was observed in the March quarter 2021 (Q1).
Beyond Blue
A total of 3,224 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in WA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 23% higher, 19% and 2% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (3,995) from 2020 to date was observed in the March quarter 2021 (Q1).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 60,464 website visits in WA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was less than 1% change, 18% and 16% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website visits (82,193) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
South Australia
Lifeline
A total of 16,345 contacts were answered by Lifeline in SA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 23%, 30% and 1% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (24,836) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Kids Helpline
A total of 1,414 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in SA during March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 29%, 48% and 35% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (2,844) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2021 (Q2).
Beyond Blue
A total of 2,636 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in SA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 4%, 25% and 3% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (3,617) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 39,247 website users in SA during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 8%, 25% and 23% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website users (62,090) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Tasmania
Lifeline
A total of 4,046 contacts were answered by Lifeline in Tas during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 15% and 5% higher, and 30% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (6,187) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Kids Helpline
A total of 1,128 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in Tas during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 5%, 66% and 38% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (3,577) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Beyond Blue
A total of 581 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in Tas during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 7%, 29% and 31% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (975) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 10,366 website users in Tas during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 10% higher, less than 1% change and 11% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website users (12,980) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Australian Capital Territory
Lifeline
A total of 4,679 contacts were answered by Lifeline in the ACT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 20% and 15% lower, and 3% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (6,672) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2021 (Q3).
Kids Helpline
A total of 484 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in the ACT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 34%, 54% and 34% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (1,042) from 2020 to date was observed in the March quarter 2021 (Q1).
Beyond Blue
A total of 587 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in the ACT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 20% higher, 21% lower and 10% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (890) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 8,658 website users in the ACT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 36%, 40% and 33% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website users (17,605) from 2020 to date was observed in the June quarter 2020 (Q2).
Northern Territory
Lifeline
A total of 1,033 contacts were answered by Lifeline in the NT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 8% higher, 6% lower and 31% higher than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Lifeline (1,278) from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2021 (Q4).
Kids Helpline
A total of 64 contacts were answered by Kids Helpline in the NT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1) this was 45%, 73% and 65% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline (284) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).
Beyond Blue
A total of 250 contacts were answered by Beyond Blue in the NT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 40% higher, 17% and 7% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of contacts answered by Beyond Blue (347) from 2020 to date was observed in the December quarter 2020 (Q4).
ReachOut
ReachOut reported a total of 1,697 website visits in the NT during the March quarter 2023 (Q1), this was 17% higher, 13% and 5% lower than the same period in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The highest number of website visits (2,493) from 2020 to date was observed in the September quarter 2020 (Q3).

Where do I go for more information?
Further information and analysis are also available for the following topic areas:
- Medicare-subsidised mental health-specific services
- Mental health-related prescriptions
- The use of mental health services, psychological distress, loneliness, suicide, ambulance attendances and COVID-19
- Mental health impact of COVID-19 (view in archive)
Data source
This section of the AIHW’s Mental Health Online Report (MHOR) is updated quarterly and was last updated in July 2023. It focuses on activity during the March quarter 2023. Data presented in this report are weekly (Monday to Sunday), and the March quarter 2023 covers weeks 1 to 13 of 2023 (Monday 2 January 2023 to Sunday 2 April 2023). The corresponding dates for previous quarters are included in the table below.
Quarter |
Week |
2023 |
2022 |
2021 |
2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
March Quarter |
1 to 13 |
2 January to 2 April |
3 January to 3 April |
4 January to 4 April |
6 January to 5 April |
June Quarter |
14 to 26 |
3 April to 2 July |
4 April to 3 July |
5 April to 4 July |
6 April to 5 July |
September Quarter |
27 to 39 |
3 July to 1 October |
4 July to 2 October |
5 July to 3 October |
6 July to 4 October |
December Quarter |
40 to 52 |
2 October 2022 to 31 December 2023 |
3 October 2022 to 1 January 2023 |
4 October 2021 to 2 January 2022 |
5 October 2020 to 3 January 2021 |
Data visualisation notes
Chart axes may not start at zero and use different scales for each data source.
Chart displays weekly data and uses the week commencing date.
Jurisdictional data are derived independently of the national total, and totals may not match. The MBS and PBS national total includes services/prescriptions from external territories and those with missing patient characteristics. Crisis support organisation jurisdictional data are reported for answered contacts only, where state/territory information is available. See data source information for data quality information.
Population rates are calculated using Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) estimated resident populations for the relevant periods (ABS 2022). In this report, population rates are based on estimated resident populations at 30 June 2019 for 2019, 30 June 2020 for 2020, 30 June 2021 for 2021 and 30 June 2022 for 2022 and 2023.
Medicare-subsidised mental health‑specific services are provided by psychiatrists, general practitioners (GPs), psychologists and other allied health professionals. The services described here are provided in a range of settings – including hospitals, consulting rooms, home visits, telephone and videoconferencing – as defined in the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS).
The information in this report relates only to mental health services that are claimed under specific mental health care MBS item numbers.
Therefore, the reported number of mental health-related services is unlikely to represent all patients who receive mental health care. The date is determined from the date the service was processed by Medicare, rather than the date the service was provided.
The drop in service numbers in late December to early January is a seasonal phenomenon which has been observed for the same period in previous years.
MBS mental health telehealth services
In March 2020, the Commonwealth Government introduced additional services to the MBS to support provision of health care via telehealth (telephone and videoconference). Telehealth was used as an alternative to face-to-face healthcare services to provide protection for both patients and health-care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2021, the Commonwealth Government announced that telehealth will become a permanent feature of the MBS for primary healthcare (DoH 2021a).
Better Access
Services under the Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners through the MBS initiative (Better Access) are available for people with a clinically diagnosed mental disorder to receive up to 10 individual or 10 group mental health services per calendar year up to a maximum of 10 sessions (DHAC 2022a). In response to the pandemic, the Australian Government doubled the number of sessions to 20 per year until 31 December 2022 and made these available to residents of aged care facilities for the first time. Access to these additional 10 sessions ceased from 31 December 2022 (DHAC 2022a). An independent evaluation of the Better Access initiative commenced in August 2021 and the evaluation report was released in December 2022 (University of Melbourne 2022).
This report presents AIHW analysis of MBS data sourced from the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care.
MBS data were extracted 15/05/2023 and are subjected to change.
Further information on mental health-related MBS items can be found in the Medicare-subsidised mental health-specific services section of the mental health website.
The Australian Government subsidises the cost of some prescription medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS). Statistics relating to PBS scripts dispensed may be subject to change due to late claims and adjustments; over-the-counter medicines, medicines supplied to public hospital inpatients and private scripts (i.e., pharmacy prescriptions not dispensed under the PBS) are not included.
Medications are reported in this section as 5 selected groups as classified in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System: Antipsychotics (code N05A), Anxiolytics (code N05B), Hypnotics and sedatives (code N05C), Antidepressants (code N06A) and Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics (code N06B) - prescribed by all medical practitioners (that is, general practitioners (GPs), non-psychiatrist specialists and psychiatrists). This information does not include private prescriptions.
Data include PBS subsided (above-co-payment) and under-co-payment prescriptions.
PBS Continued Dispensing arrangements
In response to bushfire crisis in September 2019 and then the pandemic in March 2020, the Australian Government temporarily expanded existing Continued Dispensing arrangements through the Continued Dispensing (Emergency Measures) for most PBS and RPBS medicines supplied through community pharmacies. This was to support Australians’ continued access to PBS medicines in response to the pandemic (Services Australia 2021, DoH 2022). These arrangements were further expanded until 30 June 2022. This arrangement has allowed pharmacists to dispense up to a one-month supply of most mental health-related PBS medicines without a prescription if the medical need was deemed urgent and the medicine had been previously dispensed. Other changes to support people in isolation included a home delivery service of medicines and digital prescriptions sent from telehealth appointments directly to pharmacists (Services Australia 2021).
Data source
This report presents AIHW analysis of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data sourced from the Department of Health and Aged Care.
PBS data were extracted 15/05/2023 are subjected to change.
Historical data may differ from previously published data due to data resupply.
Further information on mental health-related PBS items can be found in the Mental health-related prescriptions section of the Mental Health Online Report.
Crisis support organisations such as Lifeline, Kids Helpline and Beyond Blue are available to support Australians experiencing mental health issues.
This report presents AIHW analysis of data provided by to AIHW by individual agreement with each service provider.
Note that direct comparisons between organisations are not meaningful due to differences in populations being serviced, service models, funding envelopes, workforce availability and information systems. Comparisons with previous years should be made with caution as historical trends may be impacted by a range of events, including planned awareness raising campaigns.
Jurisdictional data are derived independently of the national totals, and totals may not match. State/territory information is not available for all answered contacts, and data quality can vary over time.
Lifeline
Contacts represent the number of callers who stayed on the line after listening to the announcements in the menu. Answered contacts represent the total number of calls answered by Lifeline crisis support workers.
Kids Helpline
Contacts represent the total number of contacts including phone, webchat and email. Answered contacts represent the total number of contacts answered by Kids Helpline through phone, webchat and email as well as outbound contacts. Answerable contact attempts exclude phone contact attempts abandoned during the privacy message, which cannot be skipped. This message was increased from 22 to 48 seconds in April 2020.
The reduction in Kids Helpline 2022 reported numbers for each state/territory, compared to prior years, requires further clarification to avoid spurious interpretation. There are at least 3 identifiable factors that have contributed to calculated reductions;
- First, data for each state/territory is under-represented as an identifiable ‘state/territory’ could no longer be automatically captured following technology damage sustained during the Queensland floods. From March 2022 the state/territory data could only be captured if callers agreed to provide it, resulting in a reduction in reported contacts for each state/territory due to non-provision of this data.
- Second, the number of non-counselling contacts (e.g., asking for a counsellor, silent calls, etc) has reduced, in-part due to improvements made to the KHL website and changes in help-seeking behaviour of clients.
- Third, demand has decreased as impacts from the COVID pandemic settled in 2022.
There is a minor understatement of reported numbers as they do not include ‘outreach’ or ‘outbound’ contacts where counsellors are required to initiate contact.
Beyond Blue
From 6 July 2020, the Australian Government funded Beyond Blue to create a dedicated Coronavirus Mental Wellbeing Support Service to provide free 24/7 mental health support during the pandemic. Contacts represent the total number of contacts the normal line and COVID-19 line for all modalities including phone, webchat and email. Answered contacts represent the total number of calls answered by Beyond Blue from the normal line and COVID-19 line through phone, webchat and email.
Beyond Blue launched an enhanced service model on 28 February 2022 with a new service delivery partner. Changes to operational workflows and data entry compliance through the transition period have resulted in lower rates of capture of demographic data and answered contacts. These transition issues are expected to continue to stabilise and improve. Caution is advised when comparing recent data to data recorded prior to 28 February 2022.
This report presents AIHW analysis of data provided by ReachOut and Head to Health.
Note that comparisons with previous years should be made with caution as historical trends may be impacted by a range of events, including planned awareness raising campaigns.
ReachOut
The average number of ReachOut website users per day represents the average daily volume for website activity. ReachOut experienced significantly increased website activity during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Website activity has since returned to more normalised volumes, while ReachOut has increased focus and activity on reaching audiences beyond its website through channels not reflected in this reporting. ReachOut website activity fluctuates and is influenced by a range of factors, including seasonal decreases during school holiday periods, Google search changes and changes in external and internal marketing support. For instance, SnapChat's ‘Here For You’ campaign during late November and early December 2022 resulted in a spike in ReachOut website activity. ReachOut disaggregation by jurisdiction analyses website visits because user count is unavailable by jurisdiction.
Head to Health
The Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care maintains the Head to Health website to help Australians find the mental health service most suited to their needs. The average number of Head to Health website users per day represents the average daily volume of website activity. The spike in March 2020 for Head to Health likely relates to the release of the Head to Health COVID-19 page on 20 March 2020 and a direct link from the Department’s website. On 31 March 2022, a trial version of the new digital mental health platform was released without promotion. On 29 May 2023, a variation of the trial experience was released to become the main Head to Health website for all users across Australia seeking to find information and access to a range of digital, phone and face-to-face service offerings to support their mental health and wellbeing needs.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2022) National, state and territory population, June 2022, ABS, Canberra. Accessed 15 June 2023.
AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2020) Australian bushfires 2019–20: exploring the short-term health impacts, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Accessed 15 June 2023.
BOM (Bureau of Meteorology) (2022) Special Climate Statement 76 – Extreme rainfall and flooding in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales ,Bureau of Meteorology. Accessed 15 June 2023.
DHAC (Department of Health and Aged Care) (2022a) MBS factsheet for Practitioners (Additional 10 MBS mental health sessions during COVID-19 under the Better Access Pandemic Support measure), Department of Health and Aged Care. Accessed 15 June 2023.
DHAC (2022b) Evaluation of the Better Access initiative – final report, Department of Health and Aged Care. Accessed 15 June 2023.
DHAC (2022c) Guaranteeing Medicare – Response to 2022 East Coast Floods, Department of Health and Aged Care. Accessed 15 June 2023.
DHAC (2022d) Improving Better Access for all Australians, Department of Health and Aged Care. Accessed 15 June 2023.
DoH (Department of Health) (2021a) Better Access initiative, DoH. Accessed 15 June 2023.
DoH (2021b) Permanent telehealth to strengthen universal Medicare, Department of Health. Accessed 15 June 2023.
DoH (2022) Expansion of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Continued Dispensing Arrangements Covid-19, Department of Health. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Premier (New South Wales Premier) (2021a) Support measures for hospitals, community, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Premier (2021b) NSW freedoms never tasted so sweet, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Premier (2021c) NSW flying towards 80 per cent double dose target, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Premier (2022) Update on COVID settings, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Health (2021a) COVID-19 (Coronavirus) statistics, 6 December 2021, NSW Health, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Health (2021b) COVID-19 (Coronavirus) statistics, 8 January 2022, NSW Health, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Health (2021c) Stay-at-home orders for regional NSW from 5pm today, NSW Health, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Health (2022a) Changes to COVID-19 isolation period from Friday, NSW Health, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
NSW Health (2022b) Mental wellbeing package for flood-impacted communities, NSW Health, NSW Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
PoA (Parliament of Australia) (2020a) COVID-19: a chronology of state and territory government announcements (up until 30 June 2020), Parliament of Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
PoA (2020b) COVID-19: a chronology of Australian Government announcements (up until 30 June 2020), Parliament of Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
QLD Health (Queensland Health) (2021a) Greater Brisbane lockdown: clarifying movement restriction, Queensland Health, Queensland Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
QLD Health (2022) Public Health Face Mask Requirements Direction (No. 5), Queensland Health, Queensland Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
QLD Gov (Queensland Government) (2021) Greater Brisbane lockdown and Queensland restrictions, Queensland Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
QLD Gov (2022a) COVID restrictions ease further, Queensland Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
QLD Gov (2022b) More support for Queensland's flood recovery, Queensland Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
QRA (Queensland Reconstruction Authority) (2022) 2021-22 Southern Queensland Floods, Queensland Reconstruction Authority. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Services Australia (2021) Changes to patient services during the coronavirus (COVID-19) response, Services Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
University of Melbourne (2022) Evaluation of the Better Access initiative - final report, Department of Health and Aged Care. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services Victoria) (2020a) Premier's statement on changes to Melbourne’s restrictions, Health and Human Services, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2020b) Victorian coronavirus (COVID-19) data, Health and Human Services, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021a) Coronavirus update for Victoria - 12 February 2021, Health and Human Services, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021b) Coronavirus update for Victoria - 15 July 2021, Health and Human Services, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021c) Coronavirus update for Victoria – 27 July 2021, Health and Human Services, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021d) Coronavirus update for Victoria – 5 August 2021, Health and Human Services, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021e) City of Greater Shepparton to enter seven-day lockdown tonight - 1 October 2021, Department of Health, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021f) Moorabool Shire to enter seven-day lockdown tonight - 1 October 2021, Department of Health, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021g) City of Latrobe to enter seven day lockdown tonight - 28 September 2021, Department of Health, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021h) Mildura to enter seven-day lockdown tonight - 8 October 2021, Department of Health, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021i) Coronavirus update for Victoria - 17 October 2021, Health and Human Services, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2021j) Coronavirus update for Victoria – 24 December 2021, Health Translations, Department of Health, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic DHHS (2022) Coronavirus update for Victoria – 20 April 2022, Department of Health, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic Gov (Victorian Government) (2022) 2022 Victorian Flood Recovery, Victorian Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic Premier (Victorian Premier) (2021) Vaccine required to protect workers and Victoria, Victoria State Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
Vic Premier (2022) Sensible changes to pandemic order, Victoria state Government. Accessed 15 June 2023.
WA Gov (Government of Western Australia) (2021) Western Australia enters five-day lockdown from 6pm tonight, Government of Western Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
WA Gov (2022a) Masks required indoors in Perth and Peel from 6pm tonight, Government of Western Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
WA Gov (2022b) Masks mandatory in Wheatbelt and Great Southern from 6pm tonight, Government of Western Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
WA Gov (2022c) Public health measures to ease with WA’s soft landing secured, Government of Western Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
WA Gov (2022d) COVID-19 isolation requirements to change, Government of Western Australia. Accessed 15 June 2023.
This section was last updated in July 2023.