Onset of labour
Labour can occur spontaneously or may be induced by medical or surgical intervention. If there is no labour, a caesarean section is performed.
Induction of labour is performed for a number of reasons related to both the mother and the baby, such as maternal or baby medical conditions and post-term pregnancy (Coates et al. 2020). Whilst most women who have induced labour – and their babies – do well, induction of labour does increase the risk of emergency caesarean section, infection and bleeding, and a less positive birth experience when compared to spontaneous labour (Coates et al. 2020; Grivell et al. 2012).
In 2021, about 2 in 5 (41%) mothers who gave birth had a spontaneous labour, around 1 in 3 (34%) had induced labour and 1 in 4 had no labour (25%).
Figure 1 presents data on the onset of labour of women who gave birth, by selected maternal characteristics, for 2021. Select the trend button to see how data has changed over an 11-year period (where available).
Figure 1: Proportion of women who gave birth, by onset of labour and selected topic
Bar chart shows onset of labour by selected topics and a line graph shows topic trends between 2011 and 2021.
Labour onset varied by maternal age group. Teenage mothers (aged under 20) were the most likely to have spontaneous labour (53%), and mothers aged 40 or over were the most likely to have no labour onset (44%).
Onset of labour varied considerably by the number of babies born from a single pregnancy, with women who had a multiple pregnancy being more likely to have no labour (58%) than women with a singleton pregnancy (24%).
The rate of spontaneous labour has fallen (from 55% in 2011 to 41% in 2021) with corresponding increases in the rates of induced labour (from 26% to 34%) and no labour (from 19% to 25%).
For related information see National Core Maternity Indicator Induction of labour.
For more information on onset of labour see National Perinatal Data Collection annual update data table 2.26.
Induction type and reason
For mothers whose labour was induced, a combination of medical and/or surgical types of induction were most commonly used.
In 2021, the main reasons for inducing labour were diabetes (15%), pre-labour rupture of membranes (10%) and prolonged pregnancy (9.9%).
For more information on induction type and reason see National Perinatal Data Collection annual update data tables 2.27 and 2.28.
Augmentation of labour
Once labour starts, it may be necessary to intervene to speed up or augment the labour. Labour was augmented for 15% of mothers in 2021 (28% of mothers with spontaneous onset of labour). The augmentation rate was higher among first-time mothers, at 39% of those with spontaneous labour onset, compared with 20% of mothers who had given birth previously. Data excludes Western Australia.
For more information on augmentation of labour see National Perinatal Data Collection annual update data table 2.25.
References
Coates D, Makris A, Catling C, Henry A, Scarf V, Watts N, Fox D, Thirukumar P, Wong V, Russell H and Homer C (2020) ‘A systematic scoping review of clinical indications for induction of labour’, PLOS One, 15(1):e0228196, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228196.
Grivell RM, Reilly AJ, Oakey H, Chan A and Dodd JM (2012) ‘Maternal and neonatal outcomes following induction of labor: a cohort study’, ACTA Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 91(2):198–203, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01298.x.