Supply reduction involves ‘preventing, stopping, disrupting or otherwise reducing the production and supply of illegal drugs; and controlling, managing and/or regulating the availability of legal drugs’ (DoH 2017b).
Information on the availability of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs in Australia comes from research with people who use drugs, seizure data from law enforcement agencies, wastewater analysis and information collated from international sources in relation to drug manufacturing and importation.
Legal substances
The consumption of alcohol and tobacco by adults is legal in Australia. Almost 1 in 2 (45%) Australians aged 14 years and over approved of regular adult consumption of alcohol compared with 15.4% who approved of regular tobacco use (AIHW 2020). Alcohol and tobacco products are available for purchase; however, there are a number of strict regulations that control their supply. Specific supply reduction interventions include:
- controls prohibiting or restricting drugs at the border (such as illicit tobacco or nicotine e-cigarettes that are not supplied with a prescription)
- the enforcement of a minimum purchasing age
- restriction of operating hours for venues supplying alcohol
- restrictions on the size and strength of beverages or the number of drinks that can be purchased at one time, and the size (minimum number of cigarettes) of cigarette packets.
Medicinal substances
Controls governing the marketing and availability of pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of illness or injury is determined based on an assessment of evidence of their risks and comparing that to the evidence associated with their benefits. This means that certain higher risk pharmaceutical drugs may only be lawfully supplied on prescription from a registered health practitioner, while others are more widely available and accessible (TGA 2022). Generally, certain controls also apply in relation to the quantity of the drug supplied and directions for consumption, including the provision of advice to the consumer on restricting the use of these drugs in combination with alcohol and other licit and illicit drugs (TGA 2018).
When pharmaceutical drugs are used for non-medical purposes, the drugs can be diverted or channelled from the legal supply system to the illegal marketplace for misuse. This process of diversion may occur in a number of ways such as sharing between family and friends, theft, prescription forgery, doctor shopping, illegal sale and overprescribing by health practitioners. Policies aimed at reducing the supply of pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical use in Australia, include:
- border controls limiting the entry of nicotine containing e-cigarettes and e-liquids that are not supplied with a prescription or other appropriate exemption
- agreement to develop a national real-time prescription monitoring system
- the up-scheduling of codeine (1 February 2018) to a prescription-only medication
- the up-scheduling of alprazolam (1 February 2014) from prescription-only to a controlled medication.
In 2016, cannabis became available medicinally in Australia for specific patient groups under strict medical supervision. Other than in these limited circumstances, the cultivation, possession and supply of cannabis remains prohibited in Australia (DoH 2017a).
Prohibited substances
The possession and supply of other illicit drugs such as cannabis, meth/amphetamine, heroin and cocaine are prohibited in Australia. Illicit drugs are commonly sourced for use from friends and relatives, dealers and online (AIHW 2020). Research with people who use drugs suggest illicit drugs are readily available in Australia.
The Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) is an annual survey of people (18 years and older) who injected drugs at least once monthly in the preceding 6 months and resided in the capital cities of Australia; it includes questions about the availability of illicit drugs. The latest IDRS data were collected from May–July 2022.
In 2022, most IDRS respondents indicated that cannabis, crystal methamphetamine, cocaine and heroin were ‘easy’ or ‘very easy’ to obtain.
- Over 9 in 10 (91%) respondents reported that crystal methamphetamine was ‘easy’ or ‘very easy’ to obtain, an increase from 86% in 2021.
- 2 in 5 (43%) people perceived heroin to be ‘very easy’ to obtain, stable relative to 2021 (40%) (Sutherland et al. 2022b).
The Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) is an annual survey of people who regularly use ecstasy and other stimulants, and includes questions on the availability of illicit drugs. The latest EDRS data were collected from April–July 2022.
In 2022, most EDRS respondents indicated that methamphetamine, cocaine and cannabis and/or cannabinoid related products were ‘easy’ or ‘very easy’ to obtain. Large changes were observed in the pereceivd availability of ecstasy pills relative to 2021. Additionally:
- nearly 2 in 5 (39%) people reported ecstasy pills to be ‘difficult’ to obtain, an increase from 29% in 2021
- 3 in 5 (62%) people perceived crystal methamphetamine to be ‘very easy’ to obtain, up from 44% in 2021
- 1 in 3 (34%) people perceived cocaine to be ‘very easy’ to obtain, stable from 33% in 2021
- 2 in 3 (64%) people perceived hydroponic cannabis to be ‘very easy’ to obtain, up from 56% in 2021 (Sutherland et al. 2022a).
Due to COVID-19 restrictions being imposed in various jurisdictions during data collection periods for both the IDRS and the EDRS, interviews in 2020, 2021 and 2022 were delivered face-to-face as well as via telephone. This change in methodology should be considered when comparing data from the 2020, 2021 and 2022 samples relative to previous years.
Box HARM1: Data sources of regular drug consumers
The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) Drug Trends program monitors trends in drugs across Australia. Information is collected from a range of sources including annual interviews with people across Australia who regularly inject drugs through the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) and those who regularly use ecstasy or other stimulants through the Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS). The IDRS and EDRS sample is a sentinel group that provides information on patterns of drug use and market trends.
The IDRS consists of annual interviews with people who regularly inject drugs, participants are recruited from all capital cities of Australia. The monitoring system is intended to provide trends and identify emerging issues in illicit drug markets (Sutherland et al. 2021b).
The EDRS uses a similar methodology to the IDRS in that it uses annual interviews with people who regularly use ecstasy and other stimulants. The EDRS monitors the price, purity and availability of ‘ecstasy’ and other drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), d-lysergic acid (LSD), 3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine (MDA) and ketamine. It also examines trends in the use and harms of these drugs (Sutherland et al. 2021b).
It is important to note that the results from the IDRS and EDRS surveys are not representative of people who use illicit drugs or the general population. The aim of these data are intended to provide evidence that is indicative of emerging issues that warrant further monitoring.
Further information about the Drug Trends program.
There have been fluctuations in the illicit drug market at certain times. For example, in the early 2000s there was a widespread heroin shortage in Australia, which followed a period of unprecedented heroin availability in Australia in the late 1990s. The heroin shortage has been attributed to a range of factors, including high purity and low profit margins for dealers, along with a number of law enforcement seizures (Degenhardt, Day & Hall 2004).
Examples of supply reduction initiatives to limit the availability of illicit drugs include:
- law enforcement operations involving drug seizures and arrests
- disrupting the diversion of precursor chemicals that are used in the manufacture of illicit drugs.
Drug seizures
The Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC) collects national illicit drug seizure data annually from federal, state and territory police services, including the number and weight of seizures to inform the Illicit Drug Data Report (IDDR). According to the 2019–20 IDDR, there were 121,274 national illicit drug seizures in 2019–20, which is equivalent to around one seizure every 4.5 minutes. There has been an overall increase in the number of seizures over the last decade from 69,595 in 2010–11, with an 8% increase compared with the previous year (Figure HARM3). Cannabis (51%) and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS; 32%) accounted for the greatest proportion of national illicit drug seizures in 2019–20. The number of cannabis seizures increased 11% in 2019–20 and ATS seizures increased 2% compared with 2018–19 (ACIC 2021).
The weight of illicit drugs seized nationally was 38.5 tonnes in 2019–20, an increase from 26.6 tonnes in 2018–19 (a 45% increase). The weight of illicit drugs seized in 2019–20 increased from the previous year across all drug types except cocaine, which decreased by 4%. Illicit drugs classified as other and unknown accounted for the greatest proportion of the weight of illicit drugs seized in 2019–20 (34%) followed by ATS (33%), cannabis (28%), cocaine (4%) and heroin and other opioids (1%). Overall, there has been a 314% increase in the weight of illicit drugs seized over the last decade (9.3 tonnes in 2010–11) (Figure HARM3).