Illicit drugs include those that are illegal, legal drugs or volatile substances used illicitly and the non-medical use of pharmaceuticals. The proportion of people who had used an illicit drug in their lifetime has been gradually increasing in Australia since 2001 (Figure HARM2). In 2019, 43% of people aged 14 and over in Australia had illicitly used a drug at some point in their lifetime and 16.4% had done so in the last 12 months (tables S2.31 and S2.32).
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in Australia (AIHW 2020b) (Table S2.31), which is consistent with international data (UNODC 2020). The non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs is an ongoing concern internationally, with different pharmaceutical opioids being misused in different regions (UNODC 2020).
For detailed information on the harms, availability and consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs in Australia, please see the separate section for each of the Drug types.
Treatment
Alcohol and other drug treatment services assist people to address their substance use through a range of treatments. Treatment objectives can include reduction, stabilisation or cessation of substance use, as well as improving health and social wellbeing. Treatment services can include:
- support monitoring and case management/care co-ordination
- withdrawal management and rehabilitation programs
- brief interventions, counselling and group therapy including relapse prevention and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
- pharmacotherapy treatments (AIHW 2020a).
The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services National Minimum Data Set (AODTS NMDS) provides information on treatment provided to clients by publicly funded AOD treatment services, including government and non-government organisations. In 2018–19, AOD treatment services provided 219,933 closed treatment episodes (AIHW 2020a).
Client engagement with a treatment service is limited by the accessibility of the service. The location of a service is a factor which impacts accessibility, particularly for clients who live in Remote and Very remote areas. In 2016–17, just under two-thirds (61%) of closed treatment episodes were provided to clients whose last known place of residence was outside the geographical area in which the treatment agency was located (AIHW 2019).