Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia

Demand reduction involves ‘preventing the uptake and delaying the onset of use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs; reducing the misuse of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs in the community; and supporting people to recover from dependence through evidence-informed treatment’ [1].
Examples of demand reduction initiatives include:

• information and awareness campaigns
• education and early intervention
• restrictions on the marketing and advertising of tobacco, alcohol and prescription drugs
• drug treatment programs
• programs focused on building protective factors and social engagement.

The National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) provides national estimates of the use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs among the Australian general population. The 2016 NDSHS shows that tobacco and alcohol are the substances most commonly consumed by the Australian population [2].

Tobacco smoking

• In 2016, about 3 million Australians (or 14.9%) aged 14 and over were current smokers and 2.4 million smoked daily (12.2%) [2] (Table S2.14).
• The rates of daily tobacco smoking in Australia have been on a long-term downward trend [2] (Table S2.14).
• The proportion of people who report never smoking continues to rise [2] (Table S2.14).
• The proportion of Australians aged 15 and over who are daily smokers (12.4%) is below the average of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (18.5% for 2016) [3] (Table S2.16).

Further detailed information on the harms, availability and consumption of tobacco in Australia.

Alcohol consumption

• In 2016, 3 in 4 (77%) Australians aged 14 and over drank alcohol in the previous 12 months [2] (Table S2.25).
• The proportion of the population aged 14 and over who consumed alcohol daily declined between 2013 (6.5%) and 2016 (5.9%) [2] (Table S2.25).
• The proportion of people whose alcohol consumption exceeded lifetime risk guidelines also declined (from 18.2% to 17.1%), but the proportion of people that drank in excess of single occasion risk guidelines or consumed 11 or more drinks at least once a month did not change [2] (Table S2.28).
• Australians consume slightly more litres of alcohol per capita (9.7 litres) when compared to the OECD average (8.8 litres) [3] (Table S2.26).

Further detailed information on the harms, availability and consumption of alcohol consumption in Australia. 

Illicit drug use

• Illicit drugs include those that are illegal, legal drugs or volatile substances used illicitly and the non-medical use of pharmaceuticals. 
• In 2016, 37.1% of people aged 14 and over in Australia had illicitly used a drug at some point in their lifetime and 12.6% had done so in the last 12 months [2] (Table S2.31 and Table S2.32).
• The proportion of people that had used an illicit drug in their lifetime has been gradually increasing in Australia since 2001 [2]. 
• Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in Australia [2] (Table S2.31), which is consistent with international trends [4].

Further detailed information on the harms, availability and consumption of illicit drug use in Australia. 

Non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs

• In 2016, 1 in 20 (4.8%) Australians reported using a pharmaceutical drug for non-medical purposes in the last 12 months, and 1 in 8 (12.8%) in their lifetime [2] (Tables S2.51 and S2.52).
• Pharmaceutical opioids (painkillers) were the most commonly used a pharmaceutical drug for non-medical purposes in 2016 (3.6%), followed by sedatives (sleeping pills) (1.6%) (Table S2.52).
• The non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs is a growing problem internationally, with reported increases in misuse in Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) [4].

Further detailed information on the harms, availability and consumption of pharmaceuticals for non-medical purposes in Australia.

Treatment

Alcohol and other drug treatment services assist people to address their substance use through a range of treatments. Treatment objectives can include reduction, stabilisation or cessation of substance use, as well as improving health and social wellbeing. Treatment services can include:

• support monitoring and case management/care co-ordination
• withdrawal management and rehabilitation programs
• brief interventions, counselling and group therapy including relapse prevention and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
• pharmacotherapy treatments [5].

The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services (AODTS) National Minimum Dataset provides information on treatment provided to clients by publicly funded AOD treatment services, including government and non-government organisations. In 2016–17, AOD treatment services provided 200,751 closed treatment episodes [5].

References

1. Department of Health 2017. National Drug Strategy 2017-2026. Canberra: Australian Government. Viewed 12 January 2018.
2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2017. National drug strategy household survey 2016: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 31. Cat. no. PHE 214. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 14 December 2017.
3. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 2018. Health statistics 2018: frequently requested data. Viewed 12 September 2018.
4. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC 2017). World Drug Report 2017. Vienna: UNODC. Viewed 14 December 2017.
5. AIHW 2018. Alcohol and other drug treatment services in Australia 2016-17. Drug treatment services no. 31. Cat. no. HSE 207. Canberra: AIHW.